what is the basic principle of laser?
Answers
The principle of laser amplification is stimulated emission. Figure 1: Setup of a simple optically pumped solid-state laser.
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Answer:
Laser” (rarely written as l.a.s.e.r.) is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”, coined in 1957 by the laser pioneer Gordon Gould. Although this original meaning denotes an principle of operation (exploiting stimulated emission from excited atoms or ions), the term is now mostly used for devices generating light based on the laser principle. More specifically, one usually means laser oscillators, but sometimes also includes devices with laser amplifiers, called master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA). An even wider interpretation includes nonlinear devices like optical parametric oscillators and Raman lasers, which also produce laser-like light beams and are usually pumped with a laser, but are strictly speaking not lasers themselves.
The first laser was a pulsed lamp-pumped ruby laser (a kind of solid-state laser), demonstrated by Theodore Maiman in 1960 [2, 3]. In the same year, the first gas laser (a helium–neon laser [5]) and the first laser diode were made. Before this experimental work, Arthur Schawlow, Charles Hard Townes, Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov had published ground-breaking theoretical work on the operation principles of lasers, and a microwave amplifier and oscillator (maser) had been developed by Townes' group in 1953. The term “optical maser” (MASER = microwave amplification by stimulated amplification of radiation) was initially used, but later replaced with “laser”.
Laser technology is at the core of the wider area of photonics, essentially because laser light has a number of very special properties:
It is usually emitted as a well directed laser beam which can propagate over long lengths without much divergence (often limited only by diffraction) and can be focused to very small spots, where a high intensity is achieved.
It often has a very narrow optical bandwidth, whereas e.g. most lamps emit light with a very broad optical spectrum. However, there are also broadband lasers, particularly among ultrafast lasers.
Laser light may be emitted continuously, or alternatively in the form of short or ultrashort pulses, with pulse durations from microseconds down to a few femtoseconds. The temporal concentration of pulse energy – in addition to the potential of strong spatial confinement in a beam focus – allows for even far higher intensities to be generated. Particularly extreme intensity values are used in high-intensity physics.
These properties, which make laser light very interesting for a range of applications, are to a large extent the consequences of the very high degree of spatial and/or temporal coherence of laser radiation. The articles on laser light and laser applications give more details.
In laser technology, a wide range of optical components such as laser crystals, laser mirrors, polarizers, Faraday isolators and tunable optical filters are used; see the article on laser optics ji
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