what is the difference between bilinguilism and diglossia?
Answers
Explanation:
- Diglossia is used for a speech community where two languages or dialects are spoken. An individual who speaks two languages, usually with equal ease, is bilingual.
Re: Diglossia and Bilingualism
Diglossia is used for a speech community where two languages or dialects are spoken. An individual who speaks two languages, usually with equal ease, is bilingual.
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How do bilingualism and diglossia differ?
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How do bilingualism and diglossia differ?
Until the late 19th century, bilingualism and diglossia were synonymous. Diglossia comes from the Greek which reads literally as ‘diglossia’ but is translated into English as ‘bilingualism’. The first print example of a distinction between the two came from the German scholar Karl Krumbacher in his book Das Problem der Modernen Griechen Schriftsprache (1902). The distinction was later clarified by William Marçais in an article in 1930, where he defined diglossia as the ‘opposition’ (roughly translated) between the written, formal version of a language, and the spoken, informal version. The field of sociolinguistics has advanced this distinction, and so I will highlight the main differences between the two concepts.
Bilingualism refers to the ability to speak two languages fluently. What is important to note about bilingualism is that it is an individual experience - simply existing in a bilingual family or community does not guarantee bilingualism. Likewise, being born in a monolingual family or community does not prevent one from learning another language and becoming bilingual. Furthermore, as mentioned in another answer, the two languages spoken by a bilingual person do not necessarily have any relation to each other. They can be from different language families and have different alphabets.
Diglossia, on the other hand, is by definition a community experience. It cannot be experienced by an individual. Diglossia refers to a community where two different languages or dialects are used in different situations by every member of the community. One of these languages/dialects is the formal, and one is the informal. The formal, also know as the High language, is what is used by speakers in writing, and only in the most formal spoken situations. The informal, also known as the Low language, is the most spoken language and is used only in writing designed to communicate informally. Thus it makes sense that diglossia can only be experienced by a community, as an individual would not be understood if switching between two languages/dialects.
Diglossia is more often experienced in terms of two dialects of the same language, than in terms of two distinct languages. For example, spoken and literary German. Even some English speaking communities experience diglossia when they use entirely different dialects of English when communicating formally or in writing, and when speaking. Even when diglossia is experienced in terms of two languages, the two languages will be very closely related and generally use the same alphabet.
Both bilingualism and diglossia require code-switching: the ability to judge an environment and determine which language/dialect is appropriate. This is something that speakers of any language already do when deciding between formal and informal conversation. When bilingualism is experienced by a whole community, it can be argued that this is diglossia as everyone in that community experiences it. For example, many Hispanic communities in America speak both Spanish and English, and will use English formally, and Spanish informally - which is very similar to traditional diglossia. Thus, in some cases, bilingualism (in reference to a whole community) and diglossia are interchangeable terms. However, in most cases, an individual will be bilingual, while a community may experience diglossia.
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