What is the role of orthophosphoric acid in neutralization of fatty acids from crude cottonseed oil?
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Cottonseed Oil
Cottonseed oil extraction plants are mainly in China, India, Pakistan, the United States, Brazil, and Turkey (5 million tonnes per year production; Table 1). Typically the three main fatty acids in this oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid with an average percentage of 22, 20, and 54, respectively. Four major triacylglycerols in cottonseed oil are PLL (27.5%), LLL (19%), POL (14%), and OLL (12.5%). Cottonseed oil has unique types of fatty acids—malvalic and sterculic acids, which are called cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Both malvalic and sterculic acids have one double bound at the propene ring and some toxicity properties, but after deodorization the amount of total cyclopropenoid fatty acids will reduce to 0.04%. Typically, PLs content in crude cottonseed oil is about 0.7–0.9%. Cottonseed oil is also exceptional for the presence of a toxic polyphenolic component named gossypol. This pigment gives a dark red color to crude cottonseed oil. Most parts of the gossypol are removed during neutralization, and at the end of refining a safe level of 1–5 ppm would be present in oil. Although gossypol shows toxicity effects, recent research showed that this component has bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. β-Sitosterol is the most abundant sterol in cottonseed oil followed by campesterol, stigmasterol, and Δ5-avenesterol. Cottonseed oil is a rich source of tocopherols. The total tocopherol content in crude cottonseed oil is about 1000 ppm, and α- and γ-tocopherols account for 41% and 58%, respectively. The presence of a high level of natural antioxidants, a relatively high percentage of saturated fatty acids, and a special nutty flavor makes this oil one of the best choices to use as a frying oil.