What maybe the reason for decrease in the number of butterflies
Answers
Explanation:
“The actual reason is not known for the decline, but it is mostly due to their shrinking habitat,” he said. Butterfly caterpillars feed on specific plants, said Haneesh. ... Once there are more such plants, we can see more butterflies,” he added.
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Answer:
The factors that cause the decline of butterflies fall into three main categories: habitat loss, chemical pollution, and climate change (this has both positive and negative effects, depending on the species and region).
Destruction of the Habitat.
Undoubtedly, the most serious cause of the butterfly's decline has been loss of habitat and deterioration. Since the 1950s in the United Kingdom, there has been a 97% loss of flowering plains, 80% loss of grassland, 50% loss of ancient forest, and 40% loss to lowlandland (31) . Similar losses have occurred in other Western European countries and to a lesser extent, throughout Europe. The main impetus for this loss has been the intensified agricultural expansion, which has led to the cultivation of grassland for the cultivation of crops, as well as the replanting and / or fertilization of pastures and other habitats. Accompanying these major losses have been major changes in environmental management. Traditional empires such as broad pastures or grass cutting disappeared in much of Western Europe in the first half of the 20th century and were replaced by larger and more robust farming practices. This has led to a great loss of herbs and nectar sources that many butterflies rely on (32). In the short term, a few species may benefit from abandonment, but as the plants thrive in the forest area, only a small number of tree species and shrubs benefit (29, 33, 34).
Inside the forest, a few butterflies breed in a canopy (they feed on fallen trees), but some occur in open areas of the forest: for example, on ridges, on ridges, and in clean areas. These types of open spaces are also declining due to a lack of normal management or replanting of non-traditional coniferous trees that create dense shade. In Western Europe, many forested areas were copied until the 20th century, making it possible for a series of butterflies to reproduce. Now, only a small percentage are actively copied, leading to the decline of several species, such as Boloria euphrosyne and Boloria selene.
Chemical Pollution.
Chemical pollution includes a wide range of substances that adversely affect butterflies and their habitat. The most obvious is pesticides, which are sprayed regularly on crops to reduce the damage caused by insects and other organisms. Despite the potential dangers posed by pesticides, a little surprising research has been done on butterflies (37). The most recent concern stems from neonicotinoids, a group of chemicals that originated in the early 1990's and have been implicated in decline in bees (38) and pesticides (39). Another problem with neonicotinoids is that they persist and penetrate the soil and waterways (40) and in the wild where some butterflies breed or eat food. Researchers have found that bumblebees can generate dangerous amounts of food through wildflowers (field) plants (41).
Little research has been done on the effect of neonicotinoids on butterflies. They are known to have killed Monarch butterflies in the laboratory (42), and a number of deadly plants have been found in garden plants (43). Harmful effects have been shown in butterflies and other insects (44). Another type of evidence comes from a United Kingdom study that showed a strong link between the decline of “rural” butterflies (many of which breed at the edge of the field) and the use of neonicotinoids (45). However, this study did not show cause and effect, and further research is urgently needed on both direct and indirect deaths that may affect butterfly behavior, longevity, and reproductive success. Neonicotinoids are now banned from all plants in the EU, but side effects may continue for years to come.
Another dangerous pollution of butterflies is the release of nitrogen into the air. The main sources are ammonia produced by deep animal husbandry and the release of nitrogen oxides from cars. Nitrogen contamination has contributed to the decline of a few butterflies because it alters either the microclimates (46) or the type of plants in which they breed (47, 48). Many professional butterfly habitats are naturally nutritious, allowing for high diversity of vegetation, including butterfly food plants and structural diversity. Nitrogen enrichment promotes the proliferation of nitrogen-tolerant species at the expense of those that require malnutrition (49). Nitrogen supplementation is thought to be the cause of the decline in Lasiommata megera in the Netherlands because it promotes plant growth and reduces the void area where butterflies breed (50). This butterfly is one of the fastest-growing species on the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator.
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