Question

what steps were taken in 1992 in the area of decentralisation in India

Answer 1

A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective in a vast country like India. The local governing bodies were given constitutional status.

(i) Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
(iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
(iv) The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State.
(v) Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village, or a group of villages in some States, has a gram panchayat. This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called Panch. The president of the panchayat is called Sarpanch. Members of a panchayat are directly elected by the all the adults who are living in the panchayat.
(vi) The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative body are elected by all the panchyat members in that area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the zilla (district) parishad.
Most members of the zilla parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.
(vii) Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations. Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives. Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In a municipal corporation such an officer is called the mayor.


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Answer 2

Answer:

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