what was the change brought about by innovation of printing culture
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Printing Before Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg is often hailed as the father of printing. However, it’s much more accurate to say that he is the father of modern printing, considering that he didn’t invent the process. In fact, printing was invented a thousand years prior, in China.
The number of Chinese characters inhibited the efficient development of China’s printing press.
The use of woodcut printing started in China during the Han Dynasty. The technique uses a block of wood, hence the name, which is carved to form a relief pattern. The parts of the print that are “white” are cut away using a knife, chisel, or sandpaper until only the “black” (where ink is intended) of the print remains. Ink is then applied on the pattern, and pressed on paper or cloth. One of the earliest printed fragments from China used silk, and it is also the earliest colored print.
Movable type was also not invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It was again, a technique invented in China, that used porcelain china material during the Song Dynasty. The Chinese movable type used ceramic for its letters that can be rearranged for each new page. However, the Chinese, and the subsequent Korean movable type, experienced several difficulties. The material used for movable type is expensive. The process itself is labor-intensive, considering that the ancient Chinese alphabet has thousands of characters.
The Invention of the Printing Press
During the 1430s, English text had to be written by hand, which was prone to many mistakes. The growing literacy, especially in the middle class, prompted the people to clamor for books, which are reserved only to the elite.
Stumped by debt from a previous financial mishap, Johannes Gutenberg worked on developing the printing press. He recognized the demand for books and how lucrative it would be for him to mass produce a cheap product. Drawing inspiration from the movable types of East Asia and the screw type press of farmers in Europe, Gutenberg invented his famous printing press.
Gutenberg’s original printing press design.
Gutenberg’s major contribution was the letter molds. Using his knowledge of goldsmithing and metallurgy from his early years, he used metal alloy to create durable types. He also modified an existing oil-based ink for use in his press.
The new system of printing developed was still tedious. However, it was simple and the most efficient system during that time. Arranging the letters in a type tray took a full day for a single page of text, but the durability of the letters and the tray itself provided for a more cost-saving approach to mass production.
One of the hallmarks of Gutenberg’s printing press was the printing of the Vulgate version of the Christian Bible in 1455. By this time, the Catholic Church had been the most lucrative partner of Gutenberg, with the printing of thousands of indulgences for its members.
Unfortunately, when the first finished copies of the Gutenberg Bible were sold, Gutenberg no longer had the rights to it, as well as his operation. He was sued by his financier and partner, Johann Fust. Gutenberg went back to his hometown in Germany and carried out his printing activities there. He died poor in 1468.
The Revolution
Gutenberg’s method was largely unchanged for 300 years. News and books traveled faster across Europe. The cheap, mass produced books of the lower class toppled the elegant, handwritten books of the elite. This had several implications, especially in science, religion, and society.
Johannes Gutenberg is often hailed as the father of printing. However, it’s much more accurate to say that he is the father of modern printing, considering that he didn’t invent the process. In fact, printing was invented a thousand years prior, in China.
The number of Chinese characters inhibited the efficient development of China’s printing press.
The use of woodcut printing started in China during the Han Dynasty. The technique uses a block of wood, hence the name, which is carved to form a relief pattern. The parts of the print that are “white” are cut away using a knife, chisel, or sandpaper until only the “black” (where ink is intended) of the print remains. Ink is then applied on the pattern, and pressed on paper or cloth. One of the earliest printed fragments from China used silk, and it is also the earliest colored print.
Movable type was also not invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It was again, a technique invented in China, that used porcelain china material during the Song Dynasty. The Chinese movable type used ceramic for its letters that can be rearranged for each new page. However, the Chinese, and the subsequent Korean movable type, experienced several difficulties. The material used for movable type is expensive. The process itself is labor-intensive, considering that the ancient Chinese alphabet has thousands of characters.
The Invention of the Printing Press
During the 1430s, English text had to be written by hand, which was prone to many mistakes. The growing literacy, especially in the middle class, prompted the people to clamor for books, which are reserved only to the elite.
Stumped by debt from a previous financial mishap, Johannes Gutenberg worked on developing the printing press. He recognized the demand for books and how lucrative it would be for him to mass produce a cheap product. Drawing inspiration from the movable types of East Asia and the screw type press of farmers in Europe, Gutenberg invented his famous printing press.
Gutenberg’s original printing press design.
Gutenberg’s major contribution was the letter molds. Using his knowledge of goldsmithing and metallurgy from his early years, he used metal alloy to create durable types. He also modified an existing oil-based ink for use in his press.
The new system of printing developed was still tedious. However, it was simple and the most efficient system during that time. Arranging the letters in a type tray took a full day for a single page of text, but the durability of the letters and the tray itself provided for a more cost-saving approach to mass production.
One of the hallmarks of Gutenberg’s printing press was the printing of the Vulgate version of the Christian Bible in 1455. By this time, the Catholic Church had been the most lucrative partner of Gutenberg, with the printing of thousands of indulgences for its members.
Unfortunately, when the first finished copies of the Gutenberg Bible were sold, Gutenberg no longer had the rights to it, as well as his operation. He was sued by his financier and partner, Johann Fust. Gutenberg went back to his hometown in Germany and carried out his printing activities there. He died poor in 1468.
The Revolution
Gutenberg’s method was largely unchanged for 300 years. News and books traveled faster across Europe. The cheap, mass produced books of the lower class toppled the elegant, handwritten books of the elite. This had several implications, especially in science, religion, and society.
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The print revolution created a way to think and criticise the royalty and mock their morality.
many people now began to question their freedom they can see the new world with new eyes, eyes that were critical and questioning.
now the people do not blindly follow the churches but they formed their own opinions about the Bible.
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