Question

What was the conclusion of the Turkish invasion

Answer 1

Impact of Turkish Conquest on India
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Several walks of Indian life were greatly affected by the Turks conquest. Following significant changes took place in the political, social and economic life of India.

I. Political Changes or Effects:
1. Establishment of the Muslim rule in North India:

The Arab invasion had led to the establishment of two independent Muslim Kingdoms of Sindh and Multan. But the Turk invasion led to the establishment of the Muslim rule over a large part of North India.

Constantinople, the Conquest of « hifzan shafiee
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2. Political importance of Delhi:

Iltutmish made Delhi the capital of the Sultanate in India. Earlier it was Lahore. Thus the political importance of Lahore declined and of Delhi increased.

3. Supremacy of the Caliph of Bagdad:

Though the Turkish Sultans of Delhi were independent rulers yet they took the help of Caliph to give stability to their rule and they considered themselves a part of the Islamic world. In other words foreign religious elements were introduced in Indian political life.

4. Law of succession:

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Islamic law enjoins the election of a ruler but in practice any of the issues of the Sultan could be chosen as the successor of the throne. Likewise it was essential that the Sultan should be a male. However there were deviations also. These practices affected the political situation in India.

5. Turkish monopoly of high offices:

Indians, whether Hindus or Muslims were by and large deprived of high offices in administration.

6. ‘Iqta’ System:

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‘Iqta’ literally means an area. Empire was-divided into Iqtas or provinces. The Turkish rule put an end to the independent small kingdoms and these were replaced by Iqtas. Every Iqta was placed under the charge of a chief military commander. The head of each Iqta was designated as Iqtadar.

These Iqtadars were not the independent rulers of these areas. Their appointments, tenures and transfers depended on the will of the ruler. The Iqtadar met the expenditure of the army stationed under him, out of the income of the Iqta and thereafter sent the balance to the ruler.

The Iqtadar had to perform two important duties i.e. the collection of revenue and maintenance of law and order. The Iqta system was designed to put an end to the feudal system of the Rajput’s. The Iqta system brought distant areas of the empire in contact with the Central Government.

7. Changes in military organization:

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Recruitment in the army was now no longer the monopoly of one particular class i.e. the Rajput’s/Kshatriyas and it was opened to all classes.

Another important change took place in the army organisation. The Sultans organised their permanent standing armies in place of the feudal armies i.e. the armies supplied by the feudal chiefs whenever asked for.

The third change was that cavalry men and archers began to be recruited in large numbers as against the infantrymen.

Fourthly, elephants gave place to trained horses.

Fifthly, more importance began to be given to the training of the army.

Sixthly, suitable arrangements were made for the security of the frontiers.

Lastly, Rajput ideals of warfare were completely abandoned.

Answer 2

Answer:

The Great Turkish Invasion, also translated as the Great Turkish Troubles (Georgian: დიდი თურქობა, didi turkoba) is the term by which the Georgian historiography refers to continuous attacks and settlement of the Seljuq-led Turkic tribes in the Georgian lands during the reign of George II in the 1080s. The term has its origin in the 12th-century Georgian chronicle[1] and is accepted in the modern scholarship of Georgia. The Seljuq invasions resulted in a severe crisis in the kingdom of Georgia, leaving several of its provinces depopulated and weakening the royal authority, until the tide was reversed by the military victories of King David IV of Georgia (r. 1089–1125).[2]