Question

what was the political condition of india at the time of independence

Answer 1

General Political Situation: Congress was the most dominant force in Indian politics in 1947, as it had led the Indian National Movement. It had nationwide presence irrespective of the boundaries of princely states.  

After the Mountbatten plan was announced, all princely states became free to be sovereign, which challenged India's integrity formed over the decades of independence struggle. There were more than 500 princely states, which had to be integrated politically with India. This meant the negotiating with 500 ambitious princes, which was no easy task. At the same time Pakistan, was making offers to make these prince to accede to Pakistan. While most of the princely states acceded to India accepting the Instrument of Accession, Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir were the states who didn't accede till 15th August 1947.

Apart from this, Communist Party of India was getting stronghold in Telangana region in Hyderabad state. They had also seized some territory. They were blessed by the Moscow and aiming for a red revolution.

No other political party, strong enough, was existing in 1947.

Dominant Leader: Gandhiji was the most dominant leader without a doubt. But he was not into politics. He was concerned with forging the peace and unity in India, as the horrible violence was commenced in Punjab and Bengal after the partition.  

Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel were the dominant political leader. There was some uneasiness among the two at the beginning. But Gandhiji was able to calm the conflicts between them. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister and Patel became the first Home Minister of India.  

Biggest Crisis: Here I will give the list of crisis.

Integrating Princely States: As I mentioned earlier, this was the foremost and most important task to do after the independence was declared. Sardar Patel played the most important role here. Withing two months he integrated more than 500 princely states. (Only Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir were remaining.)