what were the main reasons behind the revolt of pigeons and workers in France why did the revolt not become so success
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Answer:
Explanation:
Causes of the French Revolution:
Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
Strong Middle Class: A new middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. They believed that no group in society should be given privileges by birth. Ideas of equality and freedom were put forward by philosophers. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people.
Immediate Causes: On 5 may, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. They walked out of the assembly.
The Outbreak of the French Revolution
Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General to pass his proposals to increase taxes on 5th May 1789. The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back. The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members only while peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly. Voting in the Estates General in the past had been conducted according to the principle that each estate had one vote and same practice to be continued this time. But members of the third estate demanded individual voting right, where each member would have one vote.
After rejection of this proposal by the king, members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest. On 20th June, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles where they declared themselves a National Assembly and vowed to draft a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch. The third estate was led by Mirabeau, a noble and Abbé Sieyès, a priest. While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France was in trouble. Severe winter destroyed the food crops which resulted in increase in the prices. The bakers also hoarded supplies of breads for making greater profit. After spending hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into the shops. At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
In the countryside rumours spread from village to village that the lords of the manor were on their way to destroy the ripe crops through their hired gangs. Due to fear, peasants in several districts attacked the castle of nobles, looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues. Large numbers of noble fled from their homes and many migrated to neighbouring countries. Louis XVI finally recognised the National Assembly and accepted the constitution. On 4th August, 1789, France passed the law for abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. The member of clergy were also forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated.
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ARTICLE MEDIA
HOMEPOLITICS, LAW & GOVERNMENTLAW, CRIME & PUNISHMENT
Events of May 1968
FRENCH HISTORY
WRITTEN BY: Richard Wolin
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ARTICLE CONTENTS
Events of May 1968, student revolt that began in a suburb of Paris and was soon joined by a general strike eventually involving some 10 million workers. During much of May 1968, Paris was engulfed in the worst rioting since the Popular Front era of the 1930s, and the rest of France was at a standstill. So serious was the revolt that in late May the French president, Charles de Gaulle, met secretly in Baden-Baden, West Germany, with General Jacques Massu, commander of the French occupation forces, to ensure Massu’s support in the event that his troops were needed to retake Paris from the revolutionaries.
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Events of May 1968
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Background
In the decade preceding May 1968, the French student population had nearly trebled, from about 175,000 to more than 500,000. It was an era of international “youth culture,” yet French society remained autocratic, hierarchical, and tradition-bound, especially in the eyes of French youth. As the May revolt erupted, de Gaulle was on the verge of celebrating his 10th year in office. He had acceded to power in 1958 via extra-constitutional means, because of the Fourth Republic’s disintegration at the height of the Algerian War (1954–62). French youth generally assumed that they were living under a quasi-benign political dictatorship. The two main opposition parties, the Radicals and the Socialists, had essentially collapsed, which meant that progressive political change via conventional parliamentary channels was all but ruled out. It was, moreover, an era of impassioned “Third Worldism.” For that generation of students, neither the French Communist Partynor orthodox Marxism held many attractions. Instead, its idols were Che Guevara, Ho Chi Minh, and Mao Zedong. Images of carpet bombing, napalm attacks, and massacres of civilians by U.S. forces in Vietnam —a former French sphere of influence—dominated the nightly news. For all of the foregoing reasons, French universities were a powder keg.
Confrontation And Revolt
In retrospect, the event that precipitated the May revolt seems fairly innocuous. In 1967, students at the Nanterre campus of the University of Paris had staged protests against restrictions on dormitory visits that prevented male and female students from sleeping with each other. In January 1968, at a ceremony dedicating a new swimming pool at the campus, the student leader Daniel Cohn-Bendit verbally attacked François Missoffe, France’s Minister of Youth and Sports, complaining that Missoffe had failed to address the students’ sexual frustrations. Missoffe then suggested that Cohn-Bendit cool his ardour by jumping into the pool, whereupon Cohn-Bendit replied that Missoffe’s remark was just what one would expect from a fascist regime. The exchange earned Cohn-Bendit a reputation as an antiauthoritarian provocateur, and he soon acquired an almost cultlike following among French youth.