when was the the socialist revolution party friends in Russia
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The Russian populist movement, inspired by the writings of Alexander Herzen, emerged in the years immediately following the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. The populists believed that the peasant commune was the germ of the future socialist society and that Russia should follow its own path, avoiding the evils of capitalism. In 1876 populists formed Russia’s first revolutionary party, Zemlia I Volia (Land and Liberty), which called for all land to the peasants, self-determination for all parts of the Russian empire, self-government for the communes, and the overthrow of the Tsar. Alexander I was assassinated in 1881, but the murder led to reaction and to the disintegration of the populist revolutionary movement. In 1901 a group of populists formed the Socialist Revolutionaries with a program of distributing all land to the peasants.
In 1883 Georgii Plekhanov, a former populist living in exile in Geneva, formed the first Russian theoretical Marxist group. The Marxists believed in social change as the ultimate aim, but it would only be achieved by the working out of social law, with the evolution of capitalism leading Russia through bourgeois democracy to social revolution. After several years of largely theoretical discussion, the All-Russian Social Democratic Party held its first congress at Minsk in 1898. Its platform was broadly democratic, but it held that the proletariat was the only ‘liberator class’. The Party split into two factions in 1903, partly on the question of an immediate socialist revolution, partly on the question of organisation. The Bolsheviks (majority), led by Vladimir Lenin, demanded that the party be limited to a small body of professional revolutionaries prepared for insurrection and the seizure of power. The Mensheviks (minority) favoured a broader party, closely linked to trade unions and other workers’ organisations, and modelled on the German Social Democratic Party.
After the 1905 Russian revolution, there was a steep decline in party membership, but attempts at reunification failed. Most of the Social Democratic leaders– Lenin, Georgii Zinoviev, Iulii Martov, Fedor Dan, Pavel Axelrod, Leon Trotsky and Plekhanov – lived in exile from 1907 onwards and struggled to maintain links with members in Russia. Obsessed with theory, tactics and the internal organisation of the party, they spent most of their time writing letters, pamphlets, reports and a plethora of newspapers. World War I created new divisions and enmities which often cut across political alignments.
Following the overthrow of the Tsar in March 1917, the socialist leaders returned to Russia. The Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks dominated the soviets and held several portfolios in the Provisional Government, with Alexander Kerensky serving as Premier from July to November 1917. The Bolsheviks were determined to destroy the government and they carried out a coup d’etat in November 1917. The Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks continued to have strong representation in the soviets and in the elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1918 they secured a majority of the seats. However, the Bolsheviks dispersed the Assembly and attacked the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries as counter-revolutionaries. Show trials began to be held in 1920 and Menshevik leaders such as Martov and Dan again went into exile. The long hegemony of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had begun.
Answer: