Which amendment of the constitution of india deals with land reforms?
Answers
As of January 2018, there have been 123 Amendment Bills and 101 Amendment acts to the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.[1]
There are two types of amendments to the constitution which are governed by article 368.
The first type includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament of India by a prescribed ‘special majority’; and
The second type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special majority", ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures.The second type amendments made to the constitution are amendments # 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99 and 101.[2]
Amend Schedule 9 enforced from 26 August 1984 places land reform acts and amendments to this act under Schedule 9 of the constitution. Once a law is passed and included in the Ninth Schedule, it gets protection under Article 31-B and is not subject to judicial inspection.
The Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) was introduced by the former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to keep specific laws particularly those on land reforms beyond the scope of judicial review. Over the years 284 laws were included in it, and about 30 of them are under challenge.