which are the factors that affecting the social and economic relation in the three orders??
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Answer: brainlist!?? ;)
Explanation:Factors Affecting Social and Economic Relations: Some of the changes which affected social and economic relations in Europe are as follows:The Environment: From the fifth to the tenth centuries, most of Europe was covered with vast forests. This left limited land for agriculture. Dissatisfied peasants often took refuge in the forests. The cold climatic condition led to severe winters. It resulted in a shortened growing season and reduced yield from agriculture. Europe entered a warm phase from the eleventh century. This resulted in a longer growing season. The soil could be more easily ploughed. Forest line significantly receded in many parts of Europe. This made it possible to expand the area under cultivation. Land Use: Agricultural technology was primitive. Wooden plough, drawn by a team of oxen, was used by peasants. The wooden plough could only scratch the surface of the earth. Field had to be dug by hand, usually once in four years. Additionally, an ineffective method of crop rotation was in use. The land was divided into two halves. One field was planted in autumn with winter wheat, while the other field was left fallow. Rye was planted on this fallow land the next year and the other half was left fallow. This system resulted in gradual deterioration of soil. Famines and chronic malnutrition was quite common. But the lords wanted to maximize their incomes. The peasants were forced to bring under cultivation all the land in the manorial estate, and spend more time on the manorial estate. The peasants resorted to passive resistance. They spent more time on their own fields, and kept much of the product of that labor for themselves. The peasants also avoided doing unpaid extra work. They came into conflict with the lords over pasture and forest lands. The peasants saw such resources meant for the whole community, while the lords treated them as their private property. New Agricultural Technology: Many technological changes took place by the eleventh century.Iron tipped ploughs and mould-boards came in use. The iron ploughs could dig much deeper.The mould boards turned the topsoil properly.There was improvement in the methods of harnessing animals to the plough. Shoulder-harness replaced the neck-harness. This enabled animals to exert greater power.Use of iron horse-shoes helped in preventing foot-decay among horses.The use of wind and water energy for agriculture increased.The earlier two-field system of land use was replaced with three-field system. The peasants could use a field two years out of three. They planted one crop in autumn and a different crop in spring a year and a half later. Now the farmers could break their land holdings into three fields. One field could be used for planting wheat or rye in autumn for human consumption. The second field could be used in spring to grow peas, beans and lentils for human uses, and oats and barley for the horses. The third field was left fallow.These changes helped in significantly increased food production. Availability of food became double. Peas and beans provided more vegetable proteins in the diet and served as a better source of fodder for their animals. The average holding size reduced from about 100 acres to 20 to 30 acres by the thirteenth century. Smaller holdings could be managed more efficiently.Some of the technological changes cost a lot of money. Windmills and watermills were installed by the lords. But peasants were able to take the initiative in many things. Peasants extended the arable land. They switched to the three-field rotation of crops. They set up small forges and smithies in the villages, where iron-tipped ploughs and horseshoes could be made and repaired cheaply.From the eleventh century, the economic transactions were becoming more and more money based. This led to a weakening of the personal bonds. The increasing use of money began to influence prices. Prices became higher in times of poor harvest. In England, agricultural prices doubled between the 1270s and the 1320s.
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