which factors have helped the development of agriculture in India
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1. Physical Factors
Physical factors affecting agriculture are: (i) climate (ii) soil and (iii) topography.
(i) Climate.
Climate plays a dominating role in agriculture. Plants require sufficient heat and moisture for their growth. Normally, regions having maximum temperature of less than 10°C are not suitable for plant growth. In the tropical regions, where temperature is high throughout the year, agriculture is successfully done.
(ii) Soils.
The richness of soil is another important physical factor affecting agriculture. Soils differ in respect of physical and chemical composition. Soils may be fine or coarse, porous or non-porous. In general fine soils like loam or silt are very fertile. The chemical composition of the soil determines its productivity.
(iii) Topography.
The nature of topography plays a significant role in the development of agriculture. It determines extent of soil erosion, methods of cultivation and mode of transportation. In the mountanous and hilly regions, soil erosion is common; terrain restricts use of machinery and development of means of transportation.
2. Economic Factors
The most important economic factors affecting agriculture are: (a) market (b) transport facilities (c) labour (d) capital (e) Government policies.
(a) Market.
Market is an important economic factor in agriculture. The distance from the market determines the cost of transportation. Agricultural crops like vegetables etc. are grown near the market.
(b) Transport Facilities.
The development of efficient means of transportation widen the market for agricultural products.
(c) Capital.
Agriculture, in the modern times is becoming mechanized. This involves huge capital investments. Purchase of machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and high yielding variety seeds require plenty of money. In India, the farmers are poor.
(d) Labour.
The supply of labour determines the character and type of agriculture. Intensive cultivation requires a large supply of cheap labour. Availability of cheap and efficient labour is essential for the cultivation of crops like rice, tea, cotton and rubber. Thus, the factor of availability of labour also plays a vital role in agriculture.
(e) Government Policies.
The policies of the Government also influence agricultural land use. The Government may restrict the cultivation of a crop or may force the farmers to grow a particular crop, e.g., area under sugarcane and oil seeds cultivation has increased in India on account of greater emphasis put by the Government on these crops.
3. Other Factors
(i) The level of scientific and technological development has a great bearing on agriculture. Farmers, using primitive methods obtain poor yields. But on the other hand, where farmers are using modern farm technology in the shape of fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and high yielding variety seeds etc. the farm yields are high.
An Indian farmer is poorer in comparison to an American farmer because the later uses modern farm technology. The per hectare yield of rice in India is only 2000 kg as compared to about 5600 kg in Japan. This difference in yield is due to scientific and technological differences.
The system of land tenure also plays a significant role in the patterns and productivity of agriculture crops.
Physical factors affecting agriculture are: (i) climate (ii) soil and (iii) topography.
(i) Climate.
Climate plays a dominating role in agriculture. Plants require sufficient heat and moisture for their growth. Normally, regions having maximum temperature of less than 10°C are not suitable for plant growth. In the tropical regions, where temperature is high throughout the year, agriculture is successfully done.
(ii) Soils.
The richness of soil is another important physical factor affecting agriculture. Soils differ in respect of physical and chemical composition. Soils may be fine or coarse, porous or non-porous. In general fine soils like loam or silt are very fertile. The chemical composition of the soil determines its productivity.
(iii) Topography.
The nature of topography plays a significant role in the development of agriculture. It determines extent of soil erosion, methods of cultivation and mode of transportation. In the mountanous and hilly regions, soil erosion is common; terrain restricts use of machinery and development of means of transportation.
2. Economic Factors
The most important economic factors affecting agriculture are: (a) market (b) transport facilities (c) labour (d) capital (e) Government policies.
(a) Market.
Market is an important economic factor in agriculture. The distance from the market determines the cost of transportation. Agricultural crops like vegetables etc. are grown near the market.
(b) Transport Facilities.
The development of efficient means of transportation widen the market for agricultural products.
(c) Capital.
Agriculture, in the modern times is becoming mechanized. This involves huge capital investments. Purchase of machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and high yielding variety seeds require plenty of money. In India, the farmers are poor.
(d) Labour.
The supply of labour determines the character and type of agriculture. Intensive cultivation requires a large supply of cheap labour. Availability of cheap and efficient labour is essential for the cultivation of crops like rice, tea, cotton and rubber. Thus, the factor of availability of labour also plays a vital role in agriculture.
(e) Government Policies.
The policies of the Government also influence agricultural land use. The Government may restrict the cultivation of a crop or may force the farmers to grow a particular crop, e.g., area under sugarcane and oil seeds cultivation has increased in India on account of greater emphasis put by the Government on these crops.
3. Other Factors
(i) The level of scientific and technological development has a great bearing on agriculture. Farmers, using primitive methods obtain poor yields. But on the other hand, where farmers are using modern farm technology in the shape of fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and high yielding variety seeds etc. the farm yields are high.
An Indian farmer is poorer in comparison to an American farmer because the later uses modern farm technology. The per hectare yield of rice in India is only 2000 kg as compared to about 5600 kg in Japan. This difference in yield is due to scientific and technological differences.
The system of land tenure also plays a significant role in the patterns and productivity of agriculture crops.
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systems. The reasons are outlined below:
Physical
Climate
Climatic factors include...
1. Temperature:
Most plants cannot grow if the temperature falls below 6°C or the soil is frozen for five consecutive months. As a consequence many areas are unsuitable for crop cultivation.
2. The growing season:
The number of days between the last frost of the spring and the first of the autumn. Different crops require different lengths of growing season. Cotton needs 200 days so could not survive in a British climate. Cereal crops are grown in the South-east of Britain as this is the area most likely to meet the necessary growing season. The shorter the required growing season the further north that crop can be grown. Oats can be found in Northern parts of the UK because they have a very short growing season.

3. Altitude:
This affects temperature so it also affects farming. In the Alps for example you will find dairy farming in valley bottoms and coniferous forestry further up.
When temperatures are consistently high with sufficient precipitation high yield crops such as rise can be grown. These have the added advantage of producing up to three crops a year.
4. Rainfall:
Water is obviously a key factor in plant growth. The greater the average temperature the greater the amount of water required for plant growth. Seasonal variation is important as different crops require water at different times. Coffee for example must have a period of drought before and during harvest whilst maize would benefit from heavy rain in the same period. A farmer is therefore looking for rainfall reliability so that he can select the most appropriate crop for the area.
Rice is the principal crop in the tropics because it requires substantial quantities of water, is a very high yield crop and has good nutritional value. With the addition of consistently high temperatures it can also produce two or three crops a year.
In the Mediterranean crop growth is affected by the summer drought despite high annual rainfall. The rainfall is very high in winter months but infiltration rates are comparatively low. In summer temperatures are very high, encouraging high rates of evapo-transpiration and consequently very dry soil and a low water table. There is a soil moisture deficit. These conditions are not conducive to plant growth.

5. Wind:
Wind can have a destructive effect on crops. At its most severe a hurricane can physically destroy thousands of acres of farmland. Less severe but also harmful are the winds that dry soils so reducing moisture and increasing the potential for soil erosion.
Soil
Soil type will influence crop cultivation because different crops prefer different soils.
Clay soils with their high water retention are well suited to rice whilst sandy soils with good drainage are good for root vegetables.
Soil type can be influenced through the input of lime, clay or fertilizer but this can only make limited differences.
Slope
The angle of slope will affect the type, depth and moisture content of soil.
It will also affect the rate of soil erosion. Some of the most unique farming landscapes of Bali are a consequence of having to cultivate steep slopes that are prone to soil erosion. Here terraces are cut in to steep slopes to retain the soil that otherwise would be easily removed due by the heavy rains. The need to cultivate such steep slopes is a consequence of population pressure and very small farms due generations of sub-dividing amongst sons.

The degree to which a farm can be mechanised is influenced by slope. Many vineyards in Germany are still harvested by hand at great cost because of the steep slopes. This is despite the fact that Germany is one of the richest countries in the world with capital to take advantage of the latest technology.
Land tenure
In the developed world a large percentage of farmers are owner-occupiers. Consequently they have a large incentive to become more efficient and improve land and buildings. The extent of their investment and success will depend on the market place and political systems.
In the developing world farmers are less likely to be owner-occupiers. Instead they will probably be tenants or landless labourers.
In Brazil, the majority of land is owned by a small minority. As a consequence many of the farmers are 'landless' and sell their labour to the large plantation owners.
Tenants can operate under two systems:
A cash tenant will pay a fixed rent or percentage of profits to the landowner. This can lead to over cultivation especially if the rent or profit share is excessive. A long-term lease provides the farmer with more incentive to invest in the farm.
A crop sharing agreement can be reached where the farmer gives a significant percentage of his harvest to the landowner. These arrangements are likely to be skewed in favour of the landowner so the farmer remains poor.
Physical
Climate
Climatic factors include...
1. Temperature:
Most plants cannot grow if the temperature falls below 6°C or the soil is frozen for five consecutive months. As a consequence many areas are unsuitable for crop cultivation.
2. The growing season:
The number of days between the last frost of the spring and the first of the autumn. Different crops require different lengths of growing season. Cotton needs 200 days so could not survive in a British climate. Cereal crops are grown in the South-east of Britain as this is the area most likely to meet the necessary growing season. The shorter the required growing season the further north that crop can be grown. Oats can be found in Northern parts of the UK because they have a very short growing season.

3. Altitude:
This affects temperature so it also affects farming. In the Alps for example you will find dairy farming in valley bottoms and coniferous forestry further up.
When temperatures are consistently high with sufficient precipitation high yield crops such as rise can be grown. These have the added advantage of producing up to three crops a year.
4. Rainfall:
Water is obviously a key factor in plant growth. The greater the average temperature the greater the amount of water required for plant growth. Seasonal variation is important as different crops require water at different times. Coffee for example must have a period of drought before and during harvest whilst maize would benefit from heavy rain in the same period. A farmer is therefore looking for rainfall reliability so that he can select the most appropriate crop for the area.
Rice is the principal crop in the tropics because it requires substantial quantities of water, is a very high yield crop and has good nutritional value. With the addition of consistently high temperatures it can also produce two or three crops a year.
In the Mediterranean crop growth is affected by the summer drought despite high annual rainfall. The rainfall is very high in winter months but infiltration rates are comparatively low. In summer temperatures are very high, encouraging high rates of evapo-transpiration and consequently very dry soil and a low water table. There is a soil moisture deficit. These conditions are not conducive to plant growth.

5. Wind:
Wind can have a destructive effect on crops. At its most severe a hurricane can physically destroy thousands of acres of farmland. Less severe but also harmful are the winds that dry soils so reducing moisture and increasing the potential for soil erosion.
Soil
Soil type will influence crop cultivation because different crops prefer different soils.
Clay soils with their high water retention are well suited to rice whilst sandy soils with good drainage are good for root vegetables.
Soil type can be influenced through the input of lime, clay or fertilizer but this can only make limited differences.
Slope
The angle of slope will affect the type, depth and moisture content of soil.
It will also affect the rate of soil erosion. Some of the most unique farming landscapes of Bali are a consequence of having to cultivate steep slopes that are prone to soil erosion. Here terraces are cut in to steep slopes to retain the soil that otherwise would be easily removed due by the heavy rains. The need to cultivate such steep slopes is a consequence of population pressure and very small farms due generations of sub-dividing amongst sons.

The degree to which a farm can be mechanised is influenced by slope. Many vineyards in Germany are still harvested by hand at great cost because of the steep slopes. This is despite the fact that Germany is one of the richest countries in the world with capital to take advantage of the latest technology.
Land tenure
In the developed world a large percentage of farmers are owner-occupiers. Consequently they have a large incentive to become more efficient and improve land and buildings. The extent of their investment and success will depend on the market place and political systems.
In the developing world farmers are less likely to be owner-occupiers. Instead they will probably be tenants or landless labourers.
In Brazil, the majority of land is owned by a small minority. As a consequence many of the farmers are 'landless' and sell their labour to the large plantation owners.
Tenants can operate under two systems:
A cash tenant will pay a fixed rent or percentage of profits to the landowner. This can lead to over cultivation especially if the rent or profit share is excessive. A long-term lease provides the farmer with more incentive to invest in the farm.
A crop sharing agreement can be reached where the farmer gives a significant percentage of his harvest to the landowner. These arrangements are likely to be skewed in favour of the landowner so the farmer remains poor.
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