which gene is responsible for cancer
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
There are 2 basic types of genetic mutations:
Acquired mutations. These are the most common cause of cancer. They occur from damage to genes in a particular cell during a person’s life. For example, this could be a breast cell or a colon cell, which then goes on to divide many times and form a tumor. A tumor is an abnormal mass. Cancer that occurs because of acquired mutations is called sporadic cancer. Acquired mutations are not found in every cell in the body and they are not passed from parent to child.
Factors that cause these mutations include:
Tobacco
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Viruses
Age
Germline mutations. These are less common. A germline mutation occurs in a sperm cell or egg cell. It passes directly from a parent to a child at the time of conception. As the embryo grows into a baby, the mutation from the initial sperm or egg cell is copied into every cell within the body. Because the mutation affects reproductive cells, it can pass from generation to generation.
Cancer caused by germline mutations is called inherited cancer. It accounts for about 5% to 20% of all cancers.
Mutations and cancer
Mutations happen often. A mutation may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. This depends where in the gene the change occurs. Typically, the body corrects most mutations.
A single mutation will likely not cause cancer. Usually, cancer occurs from multiple mutations over a lifetime. That is why cancer occurs more often in older people. They have had more opportunities for mutations to build up.
Types of genes linked to cancer
Many of the genes that contribute to cancer development fall into broad categories:
Tumor suppressor genes. These are protective genes. Normally, they limit cell growth by:
Monitoring how quickly cells divide into new cells
Repairing mismatched DNA
Controlling when a cell dies
When a tumor suppressor gene mutates, cells grow uncontrollably. And they may eventually form a tumor.
Examples of tumor suppressor genes include BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 or TP53.
Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes increase a woman’s risk of developing hereditary breast or ovarian cancers and a man’s risk of developing hereditary prostate or breast cancers. They also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer and melanoma in women and men.
The most commonly mutated gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve a missing or damaged p53 gene. Most p53 gene mutations are acquired. Germline p53 mutations are rare, but patients who carry them are at a higher risk of developing many different types of cancer.
Oncogenes. These turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell. Mutations in these genes are not known to be inherited.
Two common oncogenes are:
HER2, a specialized protein that controls cancer growth and spread. It is found in some cancer cells. For example, breast and ovarian cancer cells.
The RAS family of genes, which makes proteins involved in cell communication pathways, cell growth, and cell death.
DNA repair genes. These fix mistakes made when DNA is copied. Many of them function as tumor suppressor genes. BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 are all DNA repair genes.
If a person has an error in a DNA repair gene, mistakes remain uncorrected. Then, the mistakes become mutations. These mutations may eventually lead to cancer, particularly mutations in tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes.
Mutations in DNA repair genes may be inherited or acquired. Lynch syndrome is an example of the inherited kind. BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 mutations and their associated syndromes are also inherited.
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