which part of the body does polio affect ? Is this disease hereditary
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Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.[1] In about 0.5 percent of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move.[1] This can occur over a few hours to a few days.[1][3] The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm.[1] Many but not all people fully recover.[1] In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die.[1] Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 percent have headache, neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs.[1][3] These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks.[1] In up to 70 percent of infections there are no symptoms.[1] Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.[2]
Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth.[1] It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva.[1][3] Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present.[1] The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or detecting antibodies against it in the blood.[1] The disease only occurs naturally in humans.[1]
The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, a number of doses are required for it to be effective.[3] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring.[4] Once infected there is no specific treatment.[3] In 2016, polio affected 42 people, while there were about 350,000 cases in 1988.[3][5] In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan.[3] In 2015 Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus but it reoccurred in 2016.[6][7]
Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art.[1] The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by Michael Underwood in 1789[1] and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner.[8] Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States.[1] In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas.[9] The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk.[10] It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018.[11]