who is the peasant farmers do for the British and mughal
Answers
Under the Mughals, surplus produce was the land revenue, in some cases it was a tax on the crop which was the main source of state's income. While, British regarded the land revenue as rent of the soil.
King was the owner of the land in Mughal reign, under British ownership was with Zamindars according to permanent settlement and with peasants under Ryotwari system.
While Mughals wanted Land revenue to be paid in return for protection and justice while it was for the profit in case of British.
The process of land revenue collection under Mughals had two stages:
(a) Assessment (tashkhis)
(b) Actual collection (hasil).
Assessment was made to fix the state demand. On the basis of this demand, actual collection was done separately for different types of crops. Like Kharif and Rabi Crops.
Post the assessment, the amount or the rate of the revenue demand was mentioned. And the farmer was supposed to give qabooliyat i.e. 'the "acceptance" of the obligation imposed upon him, stating when and how he would make the payments'.
For the assessments the king used to employ several people to watch so that the peasants didn't cheat and sold it to someone else and showed lesser crop to escape the revenue.
Thus the risk of crop failure was mitigated and shared, and it was made sure peasant had subsistent level for his sustenance. While, under the British, the land revenue was fixed, irrespective of the season, famine, failure etc.