Question

who taught her Latin grammar

Answer 1

Latin is a heavily inflected languagewith largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case;pronouns and adjectives (includingparticiples) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense,aspect, voice, and mood. The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs.Thus verbs can take any of over 100 different endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I rule",regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī"to be ruled", rēxisset "he would have ruled", and so on. Regular verbs are classified into four different groups known as conjugations, according to whether the infinitive ends with -āre, -ēre, -ere, or -īre. There are also irregular verbs such as sum "I am".There is no definite or indefinite articlein Latin, so that rēx can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context.Nouns belong to one of three genders(masculine, feminine, and neuter). The gender of a noun is shown by the adjectives and pronouns which refer to it: e.g. rēx magnus "a great king", rēgīna magna "a great queen", rēgnum magnum "a great kingdom". There are also two numbers: singular (rēx "king") and plural (rēgēs "kings").As well as having gender and number, nouns have different endings according to their function in the sentence. These different endings are called cases. For example, masculine and feminine nouns have different forms depending on whether they are the subject or theobject of the verb: rēx videt "the king sees", but rēgem videt "he sees the king". These two are called thenominative and accusative cases respectively of the word. (In neuter nouns the nominative and accusative cases are identical.) Nouns also have agenitive case, meaning "of" (rēgis "of the king"), a dative case, meaning "to" or "for" (rēgī "to/for the king"), and anablative case, meaning "with" (rēge"with the king"). A sixth case, thevocative, is used for addressing. With most nouns it is identical with the nominative, e.g. ō rēx "o king!". A seventh case, the locative, has marginal use, and is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e.g. Rōmae "in Rome".Pronouns and adjectives also show case and number to agree with the noun they refer to. Thus hic rēx magnus "this great king" changes to hunc rēgem magnum when accusative.Nouns differ from one another in their case endings: for example, the genitive of puella "girl" is puellae "of the girl" but the genitive of servus "slave" is servī "of the slave". Nouns are therefore classified into five different groups called declensions according to the pattern of their endings. Those likepuella with genitive -ae are said to belong to the 1st declension, while those like servus with genitive -ī are 2nd declension, and so on.

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Answer 2

In learning Latin, or any language, you need a grasp of basic grammar. If you never learned grammar in your native language, you’ll fall into the holes in your basics as soon as you try to master a second language. I hope that the following definitions and explanations will be helpful to you.

This section is meant to help you get the basics down. You can use it as a review, to confirm what you know, or to clarify what you are not sure about. Please feel free to e-mail me if you have any questions or comments.