who was James cook write about James cook
Answers
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Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
James Cook was born in Oct. 27, 1728, and was a British naval captain, navigator, and explorer who sailed the seaways and coasts of Canada ( 1759 and 1763-67) and conducted three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean ( 1768-71, 1772-75, and again in 1776-79), ranging from the Antarctic ice fields to the Bering Strait and from the coasts of North America to Australia and New Zealand.
Cook was the son of a farmhand migrant from Scotland. While he was still a child, his father became the foreman on a farm in a neighbouring village. Cook's early teens were spent on the farm where his father worked. A brief apprenticeship in a general store in a coastal village north of Whitby brought him into contact with ships and sea.
At the age of 18, Cook was apprenticed to a well-known Quaker shipowner, John Walker of Whitby, and by 21 was rated an able seaman in the Walker collier-barks-stout, seaworthy.
When the ships were laid up for refitting at Whitby in winter,Cook lived ashore and studied maths by night. The Whitby barks, constantly working North Sea waters off a dangerous and ill-marked lee shore, offered Cook splendid practical training: the young man who learned his seamanship there had little to fear from any other sea.
Promoted to mate in 1752, Cook was offered command of a bank three years later, after eight years at sea. Advancement of this nature opened up a career that would have satisfied most working seaman, but instead Cook volunteered as able seaman in the Royal Navy. Tall, of striking appearance, Cook caught the attention of his superiors, and with an excellent power of command, he was marked for rapid advancement.
After advancing to master's mate and boatswain, he was made master of HMS Pembroke at the age of 29.
During the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France (1756-63), he saw action in the Bay of Biscay, was given command of a captured ship,and took part in the siege of Louisbourge, IIe Royale ( now in Nova Scotia), and the successful amphibious assaut against Quebec.
In 1768 the Royal Society, in conjunction with the Admiralty, was organizing the first scientific expedition to the Pacific, James Cook was appointed commander of the expedition.On June 3, 1769, he was to find the southern continent, the so-called Terra Australis, which philosophers argued must exist to balance the landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere.
Back in England, he was promoted to commander and presented to King George II|. Than Cook was sent out with two ships to make the first circumnavigation of and penetration into the Antarctic.
Between July 1772 and July 1775, He found no trace of Terra Australis, though he sailed beyond latitude 70° S in the Antarctic, but he successfully completed the first west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes, charted Tonga and Easter Island during the winters, and discovered New Caledonia in the Pacific and the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia island in the Atlantic. He showed that a real Terra Australis existed only in the landmasses of Australia, New Zealand, and whatever land might remain frozen beyond the ice rim of Antarctica.
There was yet one secret of the Pacific to be discovered: whether there existed a northwest passage around Canada and Alaska or a northeast one around Siberia, between the Atlantic and Pacific. Although the passages had long been sought in vain from Europe, it was thought that the search from the North Pacific might be successful. The man to undertake the search obviously was Cook, and in July 1776 he went off again on the Resolution, with another Whitby ship, the Discovery. This search was unsuccessful, for neither a northwest nor a northeast passage usable by sailing ships existed, and the voyage led to Cook’s death. In a brief fracas with Hawaiians over the stealing of a cutter, Cook was slain on the beach at Kealakekua by the Polynesians.
Cook’s voyaging left him comparatively little time for family life. Although Cook had married Elizabeth Batts in 1762, when he was 34 years old, he was at sea for more than half of their married life. The couple had six children, three of whom died in infancy. The three surviving sons, two of whom entered the navy, had all died by 1794.
Cook died in Feb. 14, 1779
Cook had set new standards of thoroughness in discovery and seamanship, in navigation, cartography, and the care of men at sea, in relations with indigenous peoples both friendly and hostile, and in the application of science at sea. And he had peacefully changed the map of the world more than any other single man in history.
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