Who won the Anglo-French rivalry and give one reason for the victor.
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While much of the fighting was concentrated in Europe, in the New World, groups of British and French settlers raided one another's settlements and engaged in sporadic fighting. English colonists refer to this conflict as King William's War. Native American groups were forced to take sides in this ever-evolving conflict.
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The Anglo-French War, also known as the War of 1778[1] or the Bourbon War in Britain, was a military conflict fought between France and Great Britain, sometimes with their respective allies, between 1778 and 1783.[a] As a consequence, Great Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theatres in Europe, India and the West Indies, and to rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations.[5] From 1778 to 1783, with or without their allies, France and Britain fought over dominance in the English Channel, the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean.[6]
Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
Part of the American Revolutionary War and the Anglo-French wars
Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes
Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes
Date June 1778 – September 1783
Location
English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, West Indies, North America, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, East Indies
Result French victory
Treaty of Versailles
Territorial
changes Tobago and Gorée acquired by France
Belligerents
France
Spain Spain
United States
Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
Comte d'Orvilliers
Comte d'Estaing
Comte de Grasse
Bailli de Suffren
Viscount Keppel
John Byron
Baron Rodney
Edward Hughes
Within days of the news of Burgoyne's surrender reaching France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and the French entry into the American Revolutionary War, moving the conflict onto a global stage.[7] Spain did not enter into the war until 1779, when it entered the war as an ally of France pursuant to the secret Treaty of Aranjuez.[8] Vergennes' diplomatic moves following the French war with Britain also had material impact on the later entry of the Dutch Republic into the war, and declarations of neutrality on the part of other important geopolitical players like Russia.[9] Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the "Gordon Riots".[10]
At the same time France assisted the Spanish in operations against British-held Menorca and Gibraltar as well as islands in the Caribbean. Menorca was taken as were many islands in the Caribbean. The Franco-Spanish alliance, however, encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in April as well as the failure of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September. France, also facing financial difficulties, wanted peace which meant coercing her Spanish ally into negotiations.
In addition, a series of naval battles between Admirals Edward Hughes and Pierre André de Suffren were fought in a French attempt to displace Britain from her Indian territories.[11] The fighting here was largely inconclusive but the French were unable to displace the British and fighting only ended upon learning of the provisional Anglo-French-Spanish peace treaties of 1783.[6]
The Bourbon War helped secure American independence and bring an end to the First British Empire[12] but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown. The cost of participation in the American war inexorably led to France's own bankruptcy six years later, setting the stage for the French Revolution.[13]
Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
Part of the American Revolutionary War and the Anglo-French wars
Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes
Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes
Date June 1778 – September 1783
Location
English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, West Indies, North America, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, East Indies
Result French victory
Treaty of Versailles
Territorial
changes Tobago and Gorée acquired by France
Belligerents
France
Spain Spain
United States
Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
Comte d'Orvilliers
Comte d'Estaing
Comte de Grasse
Bailli de Suffren
Viscount Keppel
John Byron
Baron Rodney
Edward Hughes
Within days of the news of Burgoyne's surrender reaching France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and the French entry into the American Revolutionary War, moving the conflict onto a global stage.[7] Spain did not enter into the war until 1779, when it entered the war as an ally of France pursuant to the secret Treaty of Aranjuez.[8] Vergennes' diplomatic moves following the French war with Britain also had material impact on the later entry of the Dutch Republic into the war, and declarations of neutrality on the part of other important geopolitical players like Russia.[9] Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the "Gordon Riots".[10]
At the same time France assisted the Spanish in operations against British-held Menorca and Gibraltar as well as islands in the Caribbean. Menorca was taken as were many islands in the Caribbean. The Franco-Spanish alliance, however, encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in April as well as the failure of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September. France, also facing financial difficulties, wanted peace which meant coercing her Spanish ally into negotiations.
In addition, a series of naval battles between Admirals Edward Hughes and Pierre André de Suffren were fought in a French attempt to displace Britain from her Indian territories.[11] The fighting here was largely inconclusive but the French were unable to displace the British and fighting only ended upon learning of the provisional Anglo-French-Spanish peace treaties of 1783.[6]
The Bourbon War helped secure American independence and bring an end to the First British Empire[12] but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown. The cost of participation in the American war inexorably led to France's own bankruptcy six years later, setting the stage for the French Revolution.[13]
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