why development was made in vehicles
Answers
Explanation:
1.1. Development of the Automobile
The progress of means for transportation has been intimately associated with the progress
of civilisation. Transportation on land has evolved from the slow moving oxcart to the high-speed
automobile. A self-propelled vehicle used for transportation of goods and passengers on land
is called an automobile or automotive or motor vehicle. In general, modern automobile is a
complex piece of machinery perfoming in a safe, economical and efficient manner. It is comprised
of a chassis and a body. The chassis is made up of a frame supporting body, power unit, clutch
or fluid coupling, transmission system and control systems. Wheels and tyres through suspen-
sion system and axles, support the frame. The power delivered by the power unit (engine) is
transmitted through the clutch or fluid coupling, transmission system, and axles to the wheels.
The automobile is propelled on road due to friction between the tyre and road surface. The
various sub-systems are properly designed and held together for efficient functioning individual-
ly as well as whole unit. The protection and comfort is provided by the body and the suspension
system. The automobile has its limitations in regard to the load it can carry and the speed as
well as the distance it can carry the load.
Captain Nicholas Cugnot, a Frenchman, is considered to be the father of the “Automobile”.
Steam engines were used as the power plant in first self-propelled vehicles. In 1769, the steam
engine operated Cugnot’s artillery tractor was first built in France. It had a three-wheeled coach.
The speed of this vehicle was 5 km per hour with a cruising range of about 13 km. In 1802, the
first practical steam automobile was built by Richard Trevitluck of England using a crankshaft,
for the first time. In 1805, Oliver Evan operated his Evan’s Amphibian for the first time in
Philadelphia, America. This vehicle was designed with four wheels and the body was in the form
of a flat boat. In 1821, Julis Griffith of England built the first comfortable steam powered vehicle.
Two outstanding successes in America were the Stanley Steamer and the White Steam Car,
introduced in 1895 and 1902 respectively. Both of these automobiles gave excellent performance.
The Stanley Steamer is credited with being the first self-propelled vehicle to attain a road speed
of 160 km per hour.
The automobile propelled by gas engine was built in 1863. A Frenchman, Lenoir invented
it. He drove his vehicle for about 11 km. The vehicle used a one-cylinder engine using lighting
gas. During next few years, a large amount of experimental works were carried out on both the
engines and carriages.
The development of the internal combustion engine changed radically the history of motor
vehicle production. Belgium inventor, Elenne Lenoir, in 1860 demonstrated first time the
operation of internal combustion engine. The French engineer, Beau-de-Rcohas in 1862 laid
down the conditions, which must prevail in order to obtain maximum efficiency. In 1876, Otto
embodied these principles in an actual engine. He put a new type of engine into commercial
production using coal gas as the fuel and working on four-stroke cycles, known as ‘Otto cycle’.
Dugald Clark invented an engine in 1880 based on two-stroke cycle. And modern two-stroke
engines appeared in 1891 due to Day. Gottlieb Daimler in Germany patented an internal