Question

Why did Alauddin Khilji introduce market control policy? Discuss its main features.

Answer 1

Alauddin manipulated the economy and introduced the monetary policy to build up a massive army and for his administration to have a cash supply on hand.

• Alauddin gave his soldiers much significance, as only they were able to defend the Sultanate from outside. He decided to pay their wages in cash instead of in iqtas.
• The soldiers used to purchase stock from Delhi merchants, thus it was sought that merchants would increase their prices.
• To put a hold on this, Alauddin started monitoring the prices, and penalized the merchants who did not sell goods at correct rates.
• At the same time, he set up royal granaries to ensure food supplies were stockpiled. This contributed to keeping food prices down and helped keep his soldiers happy.
• Along with territorial expansion the administrative expenditure had greatly enhanced and strict and quick action was also being taken on complaints raised by the general public

Answer 2

The Khalji Dynasty ruled southern India from 1290 to 1320 CE. This was the second of five successive dynasties that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1555. Afterwards, the Mughal Empire would come to absorb much of the territory attributed to the Delhi Sultanate.

Explanation:

• Alauddin Khilji 's price management policy was his greatest change in economic development. After Alauddin sat on the throne, he wished to conquer India as a whole. It required a big force. Alauudin speculated the money would stop in just 5 years if he structured the army only on regular pay. He then chose to slash the soldiers' pay. However, they had no issues at all, he set the prices of their basic products. It was called his market control policy
• The influence of its Mongol neighbors, of the Yuan Dynasty of China and the Hulegu Khan Il-Khanate (who dominated the Middle East) was well known to Alauddin Kahlji. In order to ensure stability, Alauddin was manipulating the market to create a large army and  to provide his administration with a supply of currency.
• In order to ensure proper pay for his soldiers, Alauddin Khalji developed price checks. Prices have been set to curb all inflation and people who had stockpiled goods were punished. He set up royal granaries at the same time to provide stores of food staples. This led to reducing the food prices and in keeping his soldiers satisfied.
• The Mongols' expansion was reduced and Khalji 's rule was secured by Alauddin. Whilst all of Asia fell to the invaders of the Mongols, however, India was free.

In its four market management strategies, Alauddin had established Galla-e-mandi, Sarai-e- Adal, the horses, slaves and cattle market and the general market with the most successful being Galla-e-mandi.

1. Galla-e-mandi: Different grain types were sold on this market at State fixed prices. Shehna-e-Mandi was the head of the market. Just those traders were allowed to sell grains registered at the Shehna-e-Mandi office in this market. Alauddin received land proceeds in the form of grain rather than cash to promote the supply of cereals on this market, and the traders were allowed to bring grain from  villages into that mandis. In Alauddin Khilji 's time "Malik Kabul" was the "Shehna-e-Mandi".
2. Sarai-e-Adal: In addition to various clothing styles, the other items were available on the market, such as spices, ghee , butter, etc. Rai Parvana was the head of this market. Some special textile styles were also sold on this market, including Tabrez, Tasbih, Sunahri Jari, Kanjbhavari,  Sylheti, Khojje-Delhi, Kamarbaad, & Seri-e-Bafta. Alauddin supported the Multan silky textile merchants with a subsidy of 20 lakhs Taka to sell silky clothes at a cheaper price on the present market.
3. Horses, Slaves, & Livestock Market:The costs of horses, cattle and slaves of all kinds were fixed at that market, seeking to eliminate the intermediaries from the market, as the prices of the commodities had fluctuated greatly, however Alauddin had not been so successful in this  
4. General Markets: Besides,  big markets, prices of small commodities were also fixed such as  vegetables, sweets, stockings, hats, comb. slippers, and so on.

Alauddin had appointed the following depts & officials so as to make the "market system" successful

1. Diwan-e-Ryasat – "Economic Superintendent"
2. Parvana Naves - "Permit Officer"
3. Shehna-e-Mandi – "Market Superintendent"
4. Najir – "Officer of "Measures & weights"
5. Wared and Munhear– "The secret variable"
6. Muhtsiv – "officer" of the officer/sensor of the "monitor on the conduct".

Alauudin had also introduced around 8 market acts (known as first act, second act....and so on) which related to determining the price of grains,  hoarding,  rationing of grains during the famine, reports related to Mandi from officers in charge, and act that applied to officers where revenue & administrative officials were told to offer grain to the traders from farmers at fixed prices, and so on.

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Who introduced the market control policy and how did he enforce ...

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