Why do convection currents occur within the earth?
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Convection currents in the magma drive plate tectonics. Heat generated from the radioactive decay of elements deep in the interior of the Earth creates magma (molten rock) in the aesthenosphere.
Convection currents occur when a reservoir of fluid is heated at the bottom, and allowed to cool at the top.. Heat causes the fluid to expand, decreasing its density. If there is cooler material on top, it will be more compact and therefore, will sink to the bottom. The heated material will rise to the top.
Inside of the Earth, the mantle is heated by the core. When it rises to the crust, it cools off and begins to sink. This cycle runs continuously, and is responsible for tectonic plate activity. The circular motion of the convection cells carries the plates on top of them.