Question

Why does an air bubble in a jar of water shine brightly?

Answer 1

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They shine because of total reflection. The speed of light is faster inside the air bubble than in the water. Thus the light gets reflected away from the bubble around the outside, looking like a mirror. This is only along the outer circle in the direction you are looking. If you look towards the center of the bubble you can see right through it.

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Answer 2

The air bubble in a jar of water shine brightly because of $\textbf{total internal reflection}$ .

inside the air bubble, speed of light becomes more faster than water [ it is because inside air bubble, there is very little or no dust particle or medium that can try to stop propagation of light particle ]

hence, when the rays go water into air bubble, they suffer total internal reflection. now they are reflected back as if from a mirror hence, the air bubble shines like a mirror.