Question

Why ionization potential of gallium is greater than calcium?

Answer 1

Answer:

Calcium, because calcium has a smaller effective nuclear charge than gallium. Gallium, because gallium's p valence orbital penetrates the nucleus less than calcium's s valence orbital.

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Answer 2

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Gallium -Ga -outermost valence shell electronic configuration-4s²4p₁

Gallium -Ga -outermost valence shell electronic configuration-4s²4p₁Aluminum-Al-outermost valence shell electronic configuration-3s²3p¹

Gallium -Ga -outermost valence shell electronic configuration-4s²4p₁Aluminum-Al-outermost valence shell electronic configuration-3s²3p¹ Before valence shell configuration ,Ga 10 electrons are filled in d-orbitals which has poor shielding effect. so effective nuclear charge will increase and hence Ga will be smaller in size than Al.

Gallium -Ga -outermost valence shell electronic configuration-4s²4p₁Aluminum-Al-outermost valence shell electronic configuration-3s²3p¹ Before valence shell configuration ,Ga 10 electrons are filled in d-orbitals which has poor shielding effect. so effective nuclear charge will increase and hence Ga will be smaller in size than Al.As nuclear charge is more, it is difficult to remove an electron from outermost shell of Ga, hence ionization energy is more than All.