Question

Why is Oxygen considered electron-withdrawing in inductive effect and considered electron-donating in Mesomeic effect? Please explain. Thank you.

Answer 1

Answer:

In chemistry, the inductive effect is an effect regarding the transmission of unequal sharing of the bonding electron through a chain of atoms in a molecule, leading to a permanent dipole in a bond.[1] It is present in a σ (sigma) bond as opposed to electromeric effect which is present on a π (pi) bond. The halogen atoms in alkyl halide are electron withdrawing and alkyl groups are electron donating. If the electronegative atom (missing an electron, thus having a positive charge) is then joined to a chain of atoms, usually carbon, the positive charge is relayed to the other atoms in the chain. This is the electron-withdrawing inductive effect, also known as the -I effect. In short, alkyl groups tend to donate electrons, leading to the +I effect. Its experimental basis is the ionization constant.

It is completely different in nature and often opposite to the mesomeric effect.

Answer 2

Answer:

When an electron-releasing or an electron-withdrawing species is introduced to a chain of atoms (generally a carbon chain), the corresponding negative or positive charge is relayed through the carbon chain by the atoms belonging to it. This causes a permanent dipole to arise in the molecule and is referred to as the inductive effect.

Explanation:

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