Why the lanthanoid do not show various oxidation states?
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Actinides show a variety of oxidation states from +3 to +6. This is due to the very small energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s sub shells. The principal oxidation states are +3 and +4 and +3 oxidation state is the most stable.
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When it forms compounds in its common oxidation state of +3, three thulium electrons are needed to form the bonds. ... When three electrons on the lanthanide atom are used to form compounds in the most stable oxidation state of +3, one of them is taken from the 4f sub-shell.
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