Why was the Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission set up?
Answers
A Backward Classes Commission was appointed by the President of India on 29 January 1953 with Kaka Kaielkar as its chairman. The Commission was directed to determine the criteria to be adopted in considering whether any section of people should be treated as socially and educationally backward.
It was also to prepare a list of such classes. The Commission was also directed to investigate the conditions of all such socially and educationally backward classes and the difficulties which they encountered in carrying out their work.
It was asked to make recommendations on the following matters:
(1) As to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any state to remove such difficulties or to improve their conditions
(2) As to the grants that should be made available
The Commission took two years to complete its work, and prepared a list of 2,399 castes and communities and suggested several measures for their social and economic development. About 70 per cent of India’s population was considered backward.
The following criteria were suggested for determining backwardness:
1. Low social position in the caste hierarchy
2. Lack of educational progress
3. Inadequate representation in government service
4. Inadequate representation in the fields of trade, commerce and industry
Caste was taken as the key factor in making a list of backward classes. The Commission thought that the problems of a caste- ridden society could be minimised by promotion of the socially and educationally backward classes.
Though the Commission did not have adequate data on castes, yet it proposed reservation of at least 25 per cent in Class I, 33.5 per cent in Class II, and 40 per cent in Class III and IV services for the castes listed as backward. It recommended 70 per cent reservation in the fields of medical, scientific and technical education. The Commission also recommended the formation of a separate ministry for the welfare of backward classes.
Thus, caste was used as the sole criterion and unit for determining backwardness and for the classification of backward classes. The position of a caste as higher and lower or superior and inferior was made as the basis. No attempt was made to know the ‘backward individuals’ of a caste group.
A caste as a whole was considered backward. The Commission believed that real social equality could be achieved in India only by eliminating caste distinctions and social discrimination. The evils of the caste system could be attacked only by taking caste into account. However, the other view is that individual and family should have been treated as the basis of backwardness.
The Commission was aware of the fact that backwardness could be assessed by poverty, residence and occupation in addition to the criterion of caste. It was felt that those members of the backward classes, who had reached a certain level of economic and educational advancement, should be declassified. Individual and family would be the best units for judging backwardness because the criterion of caste was somewhat vague and was also against the principles of democracy as it further promoted caste and class distinctions.
The Government of India rejected the recommendation of the Commission that caste be the basis for identifying economic and educational backwardness. The Centre asked the state governments to conduct surveys to identify members of the backward classes, and then to extend them all reasonable facilities.
In 1961, the Centre decided not to draw up any list of the OBCs. The states were advised to draw up their own lists using economic tests rather than going by caste. A number of states decided to use the criteria of occupation and income to classify backward groups.
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