Question

Why were the eighteenth and nineteenth century western theorists influenced by the Bernier’s description of land ownership?

Answer 1

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Bernier’s descriptions influenced Western theorists from the eighteenth century onwards.
(i) The French philosopher Montesquieu, for instance, used this account to develop the idea
of oriental despotism, according to which rulers in Asia (the Orient or the East) enjoyed
absolute authority over their subjects.
(ii) They were kept in conditions of subjugation and poverty, arguing that all land belonged
to the king and that private property was non-existent.
(iii) This idea was further developed as the concept of the Asiatic mode of production by Karl
Marx in the nineteenth century.
(iv) He argued that in India (and other Asian countries), before colonialism, surplus was
appropriated by the state.
(v) This led to the emergence of a society that was composed of a large number of
autonomous and (internally) egalitarian village communities.

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Answer 2

Bernier’s record of land ownership influenced Western Philosophy during the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth century because Bernier recorded that all properties in India belonged to the Mughal emperors and they assigned lands to their aristocracy. Since the land was not transferable thus the nobles did not make any attempt to improve the condition of the land, which resulted in destructive for agricultural production. Moreover, the absence of private property resulted in the oppression of peasantry and a  decline in the living standards of people.

These records were used by Montesquieu to explain the concept of oriental despotism (the fact that the emperor was all-powerful in the societies of Asia and common people were exploited). Karl Marx also used the account made by Bernier to reflect that the surplus production in the Asian societies was consumed by the emperors and nobles while the common people remained poor.