Biology, asked by sahayogshambharkar, 8 hours ago

wirte a note on fungal biofertilizer​

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Answered by mailtoswetadevi
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Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers have been promoted for agricultural use because of their ability to control plant diseases and their ability to increase crop production in an environmentally friendly manner. In recent years several mycofungicides have been patented and registered for plant disease control, while fungal biofertilizers have also been registered for application in crop production. Several effective mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers have been formulated for commercial production. Formulation of mycofungicides includes wettable powders and granules; these being applied to seeds, seedlings and mature plants. Examples are Ketomium®, formulated from Chaetomium globosum and Ch. cupreum, Promote® formulated from Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride, SoilGard® formulated from Gliocladium virens, and Trichodex® from T. harzianum. Fungal biofertilizers include plant growth stimulating fungi e.g. Trichoderma, mycorrhizal fungi (ectomycorrhiza e.g. Pisolithus tinctonus and arbuscular mycorrhizae e.g. Glomus intraradices which form mutualistic associations with plants), enzymatic producing fungi for compost production and P-solubilizing fungi and K-solubilizing fungi. Fungal biofertilizers play an important role in promoting plant growth, health, productivity and improving soil fertility.The symbiosis of fungi with the plants helps plants to fix nitrogen, solubilizes phosphate, and other complex compounds of the micro and macronutrient present in the soil as recalcitrants form. Based on the several abilities of beneficial fungi many formulations have been made for the application of the fungal-based biofertilizer in arable soil [48]. Details account of fungi in plant nutrition has been discussed below, production of fungal biofertilizer using mycorrhizal fungi is very selective since AM fungi are obligate symbiotic, they can not be grown without plant host on synthetic media, hence it is produced in association with the host plant. ...

... Details account of fungi in plant nutrition has been discussed below, production of fungal biofertilizer using mycorrhizal fungi is very selective since AM fungi are obligate symbiotic, they can not be grown without plant host on synthetic media, hence it is produced in association with the host plant. Mass production by pot culture is the most common method used in the production of AM based biofertilizer, no matter what method or formulation is used but for the success of the formulation depends on (a) economic viability of production (b) retention of the inoculum viability after formulation (c) handling and dispersal capacity during application [48,49]. The formulations are availably available in the form of powder, pellets, gell beads [50]. ...

... /10.5772/intechopen.99002 fungi formulations but the efficiency of the applications depends on the products, conditions of the environment, bulking agents, and other variables [3,10,47,48]. However, to produce organic fertilizer the enzymatic system of fungi is used to convert biodegradable substances into compost, in nature, the fungi decompose the recalcitrants substrates into simple form and helps in nutrient recyclingThe characteristics of a competitive mycopesticide are: efficacy comparable to its chemical counterpart or ability to be used as a component of an IPM program, stability of the product (long shelf life during transport and storage) but biodegradable, lower toxicity and ecotoxicity than chemical pesticides, simplicity of production on an industrial scale, simplicity in application, compatibility with agronomic use and equipment, cost/benefit price and the ability to be registered (Kaewchai et al., 2009;Spadaro and Gullino, 2005). When one of these characteristics is not met, the biopesticide directly loses its commercial potential (Fig. 3). ...

... Necrotrophic, where parasites have a destructive mode of action, leads to the death of the host organisms. In the biotrophic mycoparasitism, the development of the parasite is favored by the survival of the hosts rather than their death (Benítez et al., 2004;Kaewchai et al., 2009). ...

... Gliotoxin, harzianic acid, viridin and viridiol are examples of antimicrobial substances produced by Trichoderma sp (Kaewchai et al., 2009;Viterbo et al., 2007). ...

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