World History, Please help with questions 1-3 on the Shang Dynasty(Questions in both languages)
世界历史，请帮助商代问题1-3
1)解释商代强势中央政府的重要性
2)商代如何加强对地区人民的统治？
3)定义书法，中文写作与西方写作有何不同
Answers
In English
The Shang dynasty, the first historically confirmed dynasty, supposedly began when the Shang overthrew the Xia sometime around 1760 BCE.
The Shang dynasty is the oldest Chinese dynasty whose existence is supported by archaeological finds, but more evidence for the existence of the Xia dynasty may yet emerge.It’s estimated that the Shang ruled the Yellow River Valley of China for most of the second millennium BCE—so about 1766 to 1046 BCE.
The Shang dynasty’s power was concentrated in many ancient cities, some of which have been unearthed by archaeologists. The first Shang ruler supposedly founded a new capital for his dynasty at a town called Shang, near modern-day Zhengzhou, a city of 2.6 million people in eastern China’s Henan Province. Archaeological remains of this town may have been found, and it seems to have functioned as a sacred capital, where the most sacred temples and religious objects were housed. This city also had palaces, workshops, and city walls.
Shang, along with other ancient Chinese cities, had two city walls—one inner and one outer wall. The common residents could live within the outer wall, but could not go past the inner wall, which enclosed a temple area, cemetery sites, bronze foundries, bronze casting areas, and bone workshops. The inner walls thus encircled an area of political elite and craft specialists, who together were the engineers of the important ritual performances. In this way, the architecture of these cities was designed to separate different social classes.
However, it seems that there were many capitals aside from this one, and rulers may have moved from one to the other because of religious rituals, military strategy, or food requirements. That suggests that the power of the dynasty was concentrated in the king, whose political authority was reinforced by the Shang religion.To consolidate their authority further, kings often went on excursions and military expeditions to walled towns outside the capitals where aristocrats had a lot of influence. Consolidating power in these areas was crucial, as control of peasant-farmed agricultural territories ensured sufficient resources for the inhabitants of the walled towns.
In Chinese
商朝是第一个历史上确认的王朝，据说是在上世纪1760年左右商代推翻夏时的时候开始的。
商朝是中国最古老的王朝，其存在得到了考古发现的支持，但是有关夏朝存在的更多证据可能尚未出现。据估计，商代在第二个千年的大部分时间里统治着中国的黄河流域。所以大约在公元前1766年到1046年。
商朝的权力集中在许多古城，其中一些城市已被考古学家挖掘出来。据称，第一位上统治者在他位于现代郑州附近的一个名叫上海的小镇上为他的王朝建立了一个新的首都。郑州是一个拥有260万人口的中国东部河南省。这个城镇的考古遗迹可能已被发现，它似乎已成为一个神圣的首都，最神圣的寺庙和宗教物品被安置在那里。这个城市还有宫殿，工作室和城墙。
商代与其他中国古代城市一样，有两座城墙 - 一条城墙和一条外墙。普通居民可以居住在外墙内，但不能越过内墙，内墙围绕着一个寺庙区，墓地，青铜铸造厂，青铜铸造区和骨骼车间。因此，内墙围绕着一个政治精英和工艺专家的区域，他们一起是重要仪式表演的工程师。通过这种方式，这些城市的建筑被设计为分离不同的社会阶层。
然而，似乎除了这个之外还有许多首都，并且由于宗教仪式，军事战略或食物要求，统治者可能已经从一个移到另一个。这表明王朝的力量集中在国王身上，国王的政治权威得到了商代的强化。为了进一步巩固自己的权威，国王经常前往首都以外的城墙进行短途旅行和军事探险，贵族们有很多影响。巩固这些地区的权力至关重要，因为对农民养殖农业领土的控制确保了为城墙居民提供足够的资源。
Hope it helps you.
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