write 8 to 10 sentences about disability sports
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Answer:
The perception of ‘Sport’ and what it actually constitutes have been continually debated for decades with many definitions and concepts emerging over the years. The Council of Europe’s European Sports Charter [1] defines sport as “all forms of physical activity, which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels”. In the Irish Department of Education’s Sport Strategic Plan ‘Targeting Sporting Change in Ireland - Sport in Ireland 1997 to 2006 and Beyond’ , they built on this definition in order to clarify the interpretation under three broad categories
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Answer:
The perception of ‘Sport’ and what it actually constitutes have been continually debated for decades with many definitions and concepts emerging over the years. The Council of Europe’s European Sports Charter [1] defines sport as “all forms of physical activity, which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels”. In the Irish Department of Education’s Sport Strategic Plan ‘Targeting Sporting Change in Ireland - Sport in Ireland 1997 to 2006 and Beyond’ , they built on this definition in order to clarify the interpretation under three broad categories; [2]
Recreational Sport; An overriding emphasis on the social and health aspects of sport, with fun and friendship being ‘key components’.
Performance Sport; More structured programs that incorporate some form of competition. Usually organised around school or club structures, with ongoing coaching and involvement in competition from local to national level. Participants at this level are normally required to meet minimal standards of performance and are subject to the rules of the competition.
High Performance Sport; Elite level sport that is highly structured with performance measured against national and international standards. This level of participation requires both internal and external qualities, which are the ability to excel at a personal level as well as on an objective level. The athlete shows a desire for achievement, to prove themselves, reach their own personal limits but also maintain high performance standards.
While historically limitations and exclusions were imposed on the participation of men and women with a disability in sport, namely due to the myth that sport, being representative of physical prowess, could not include those who had a physical impairment.[3] The trend today is one of more progressive inclusion and acceptance, with opportunities for sports participation available within each of the broad categories of sport identified above. [3]
History of Sport for Individuals with a Physical Disability
Throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries sport began to be viewed as a tool for the rehabilitation of people with a disability. [4] But unquestionably it was Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, seen by some as the Paralympic Games equivalent to Pierre De Coubertin (Founder of Modern Olympic Games), who was the instrumental figure in establishing what has today become the International Paralympic Movement. [5]
“Dr Guttman, you are the De Coubertin of the Paralysed” Pope John Paul XXIII [6]
Guttmann founded the National Spinal Injuries Unit at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England at the request of the British Government in 1944 to address the needs of the large numbers of civilians and soldiers injured during World War II [3][5][7]. Guttman was a strong believer in ‘purposeful, dynamic physical management’ [5], the role that sport could play in the physical and mental rehabilitation of people with a spinal cord injury. So sport was introduced to the programme at Stoke Mandeville Hospital and became a vital element in the treatment of all patients [5][4]. Wheelchair Polo was the first competitive team sport developed at Stoke Mandeville but it was on the 28 July 1948, ‘by chance more than by design’, that the foundation of the first annual sports day, known as the ‘Stoke Mandeville Games’, coincided with the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games in London and an international movement was born.[5] The growth of the Paralympic Movement continued with a gradual expansion of sport events, countries and other disabilities competing at the annual International Stoke Mandeville Games which were held in Aylesbury three years out of four; and in the Olympic Year held in conjunction with the Olympic Games in the fourth year of the cycle. The Paralympic Games continue to be held, with few exceptions, in the same city and, since 1988 Seoul Summer Games and 1992 Tignes-Albertville Winter Games, at the same venue as the Olympic Games every four years.
Today, the Paralympics are elite sport events for athletes with physical and sensory disabilities. They emphasize the participants’ athletic achievements rather than their impairments. The movement has grown dramatically since its first days. The number of athletes participating in Summer Paralympic Games has increased from 400 athletes from 23 countries in Rome in 1960 to 4,342 athletes from 159 countries in Rio 2016, including 528 Events across 22 sports.
Sport as a Fundamental Right
“Sport and human rights have always been interconnected, particularly where societies reputation or national pride were at stake” Doris Corbett [8]