Write a brief note on ' Reverse Osmosis'.
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Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water. ... The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side.
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Reverse osmosis(RO) is a water purification technology that uses asemipermeable membrane. Thismembrane-technologyis not properly afiltrationmethod. In RO, an applied pressure is used to overcomeosmotic pressure, acolligative property, that is driven by chemical potential, a thermodynamic parameter. RO can remove many types ofmoleculesandionsfrom solutions and is used in both industrial processes and in producing potable water. The result is that thesoluteis retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the puresolventis allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through thepores(holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.
In the normalosmosisprocess, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (High Water Potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low Water Potential). The movement of a pure solvent is driven to reduce the free energy of the system by equalizing solute concentrations on each side of a membrane, generatingosmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications. However, there are key differences between reverse osmosis andfiltration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Moreover, reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate.[1]Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinkingwater purificationfromseawater, removing thesaltand othereffluentmaterials from the water molecules.
In the normalosmosisprocess, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (High Water Potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low Water Potential). The movement of a pure solvent is driven to reduce the free energy of the system by equalizing solute concentrations on each side of a membrane, generatingosmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications. However, there are key differences between reverse osmosis andfiltration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Moreover, reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate.[1]Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinkingwater purificationfromseawater, removing thesaltand othereffluentmaterials from the water molecules.
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