write a critical note on the various debates on models of devlopment planning
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arious debates on models of development planning.
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Planning theory is an elusive subject of study. It draws on a variety of disciplines and has no widely accepted canon. The purpose of this reader is two-fold: (1) to define the boundaries of this area of inquiry and the works that constitute its central focus; and (2) to confront the principal issues that face planners as theorists and practitioners. It is organized by the questions that its editors raise rather than by the chronological development of the field.
Compiling a reader in planning theory presents a tricky dilemma: one can either cautiously reprint the early postwar classics (thereby duplicating several past anthologies including Faludi's popular 1973 reader), or else run the risk of prematurely elevating otherwise transient ideas. We take a different path; we have selected a set of readings -- both "classic" and recent -- that best address the pressing and enduring questions in planning theory.
the central question to planning theory:
What role can planning play in making the good city and region within the constraints of a capitalist political economy and a democratic political system? The emphasis is not on developing a model planning process, but rather on finding an explanation for planning practice based in analyses of the political economy of the United States and the United Kingdom. Our effort is to determine the historical and contextual influences and strategic opportunities that shape the capacity of planners to affect the urban and regional environment.
What is planning theory? hard to define
It is not easy to define planning theory: the subject is slippery, and explanations are often frustratingly tautological or disappointingly pedestrian.
There are four principal reasons for this difficulty.
First, many of the fundamental questions concerning planning belong to a much broader inquiry concerning the role of the state in social and spatial transformation. Consequently planning theory appears to overlap with theory in all the social science disciplines, and it becomes hard to limit its scope or to stake out a turf specific to planning.
Second, the boundary between planners and related professionals (such as real estate developers, architects, city council members) is not mutually exclusive: planners don't just plan, and non-planners also plan.
Third, the field of planning is divided among those who define it according to its object (land use patterns of the built and natural environments) or its method (the process of decision-making).
Fourth, many fields are defined by a specific set of methodologies; yet planning commonly borrows the diverse methodologies from many different fields, and so its theoretical base cannot be easily drawn from its tools of analysis.
Taken together, this considerable disagreement over the scope and function of planning and the problems of defining who is actually a planner obscure the delineation of an appropriate body of theory. Whereas most scholars can agree on what constitutes the economy and the polity -- and thus what is economic or political theory -- they differ on the content of planning theory.
The danger of this nature of theory
The amorphous quality of planning theory means that practitioners largely disregard it. In this respect, planning resembles other academic disciplines. Politicians do not bother with political theory; business persons do not familiarize themselves with econometrics; and community organizers do not concern themselves with social theory. Planning as a practical field of endeavor, however, differs from other activities in its claim to be able to predict the consequences of its actions. Planners need to generalize from prior experience, if they are to practice their craft. In their day-to-day work planners may rely more on intuition than explicit theory; yet this intuition may in fact be assimilated theory. In this light, theory represents cumulative professional knowledge. Though many practicing planners may look upon the plannin