Write a Essay of Free Will(Minimum 200 Words)
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1. Free will, what
At the outset, it is necessary to gt a clear understanding of what
exactly "free will" is. A being has free will if given all other
causal factors in the universe (genetic and environmental, physical and
chemical are two popular current pairings) it nevertheless possesses the
ability to choose more than one thing. The word "freedom" has many
other uses -- political freedom being the foremost among these -- but
the kind of freedom that I am talking about could be exercised even if a
person lay encased in chains, or had a gun aimed at his head. It is
the freedom of the mind from causal determination, not the freedom from
physical constraints or threats of violence.
2. The Objection from the Law of Causality
Now there are some immediate objections to the idea of free will. To
begin with, it seems to violate the law of causality: "Every effect must
have a cause; the same cause always produces the same effects." The
reply here is fairly simple: it simply denies that a free choice is an
_effect_ of anything else. Since a choice is not an effect, the law of
causality is simply irrelevant here.
Another formulation of the law of causality says that "Every _change_
must have a cause." Now this does indeed conflict with my notion of
free will. And hence I ask: why should we believe that every change has
a cause? I simply deny that this is so. I observe uncaused changes
during my every waking moment, whenever I contemplate my own choices.
Why should I discard this observation in favor of one formulation of the
law of causality, however plausible?
3. The Quantum Confusion
A further confusion identitifies free will with randomness, probabilism,
and (of course) quantum mechanics. But I say that free will and
randomness have nothing whatever to do with each other; indeed, a
probabilistic theory of choice is just as contrary to the freedom of the
will as a fully deterministic one. The argument here is extremely
simple. Imagine that my action is determined by the roll of a six-sided
die; if it comes up six, I raise my arm. Now suppose that _all six_
faces have a six on them. Now it is clear that in this case I have no
free will. But suppose we put six different faces on the die, each
one determining a different action. Am I any freer than before? On te
contrary, I am fully a puppet dangling from the proverbial strings. The
point is simply that if my actions are determined by any outside
process, then I am as fully unfree whether those processes are
deterministic or have a random element in them. To uphold free will
then, we must deny than either of these theories describes the etiology
of the mind.
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Answer:
Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, guilt, sin, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected with the concepts of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame. Whether free will exists, what it is and the implications of whether it exists or not are some of the longest running debates of philosophy and religion.
Some conceive free will to be the capacity to make choices in which the outcome has not been determined by past events. Determinism suggests that only one course of events is possible, which is inconsistent with the existence of free will thus conceived. Ancient Greek philosophy identified this issue, which remains a major focus of philosophical debate. The view that conceives free will as incompatible with determinism is called incompatibilism and encompasses both metaphysical libertarianism and hard determinism. Incompatibilism also encompasses hard incompatibilism, which holds not only determinism but also its negation to be incompatible with free will and thus free will to be impossible whatever the case may be regarding determinism.
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