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(Saars)
Everything you need to know about SARS
Medically reviewed by Meredith Goodwin, MD, FAAFP on May 20, 2020 New — Written by James McIntosh
What is SARS?
Spread
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment and prevention
Prevention
Takeaway
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was a contagious and potentially fatal respiratory illness. An outbreak occurred from 2002 to 2003, but the disease is no longer circulating.
SARS was the result of infection by a coronavirus that scientists named SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV is related to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 infection.
While COVID-19 is currently affecting people around the world, no reports of new cases of SARS have surfaced since 2004.
The respiratory illness known as SARS first appeared in China in November 2002, and scientists identified it in February 2003.
SARS spread to over 24 countries before health authorities managed to contain it. Nevertheless, between November 2002 to July 2003, there were 8,098 cases worldwide and 774 deaths.
Answer:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin that surfaced in the early 2000s caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the first-identified strain of the SARS coronavirusspecies severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Yunnanprovince.
In 2019, the related virus strain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS :
Symptoms are flu-like symptoms and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. The only symptom common to all patients appears to be a fever above 38 °C (100 °F). SARS may eventually lead to shortness of breath and pneumonia; either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.[citation needed]
The average incubation period for SARS is 4–6 days, although rarely it could be as short as 1 day or as long as 14 days.
TRANSMISSION :
The primary route of transmission for SARS-CoV is contact of the mucous membranes with respiratory droplets or fomites. While diarrhea is common in people with SARS, the fecal–oral route does not appear to be a common mode of transmission. The basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV, R0, ranges from 2 to 4 depending on different analyses. Control measures introduced in April 2003 reduced the R to 0.4.
DIAGNOSIS :
SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has:
Any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38 °C (100 °F) or higher, and
Either a history of:
Contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or
Travel to any of the regions identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as areas with recent local transmission of SARS.
For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be positive for atypical pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome.
The WHO has added the category of "laboratory confirmed SARS" for patients who would otherwise be considered "probable" but who have not yet had a positive chest X-ray changes, but have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR).
The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates.
PREVENTION :
There is no vaccine for SARS, although doctor Anthony Fauci mentioned that the CDC developed one and placed it in the US national stockpile. That vaccine, however, is a prototype and not field-ready as of March, 2020.[11] Clinical isolation and quarantine remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS. Other preventive measures include:
Hand-washing with soap and water, or use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Disinfection of surfaces of fomites to remove viruses
Avoiding contact with bodily fluids
Washing the personal items of someone with SARS in hot, soapy water (eating utensils, dishes, bedding, etc.)
Keeping children with symptoms home from school
Simple hygiene measures
Isolating oneself as much as possible to minimize the chances of transmission of the virus
Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing a medical or N-95masks could reduce the chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask. A screening process was also put in place at airports to monitor air travel to and from affected countries.
SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the disease to others.
TREATMENT :
As SARS is a viral disease, antibiotics do not have direct effect but may be used against bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of SARS is mainly supportive with antipyretics, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed. Antiviralmedications are used as well as high doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs.[citation needed]
People with SARS-CoV must be isolated, preferably in negative-pressure rooms, with complete barrier nursing precautions taken for any necessary contact with these patients, to limit the chances of medical personnel getting infected with SARS.[citation needed] In certain cases, natural ventilation by opening doors and windows is documented to help decreasing indoor concentration of virus particles.