write a news clip on coronavirus
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Two New Coronaviruses Make the Leap into Humans
Two viruses from dogs and pigs were isolated from human patients, but neither was proven to cause severe disease or to transmit to other people.
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Scientists have identified two new coronaviruses in humans, although neither was proven to cause illness or spread to other people. One study identified pigs as the animal host of one virus, and another study found that a coronavirus had likely stemmed from dogs, the first time a canine coronavirus has been shown to infect humans.
“This research clearly shows that more studies are desperately needed to evaluate critical questions regarding the frequency of cross-species [coronavirus] transmission and potential for human-to-human spread,” Ralph Baric, a virologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who was not involved in either study, tells Science.
See “A Brief History of Human Coronaviruses”
The dog study, published May 20 in Clinical Infectious Diseases, stemmed from a question Gregory Gray, an infectious disease epidemiologist at Duke University, had early in the pandemic, reports NPR. He wondered whether there were other coronaviruses already infecting people that might one day spark outbreaks, and he asked his graduate student, coauthor Leshan Xiu, to design a test that would detect not just SARS-CoV-2, but previously unknown coronaviruses as well.
The team used its diagnostic test to screen more than 300 nasal swabs taken from pneumonia patients in Malaysian Borneo in 2018. Eight patients, or 2.7 percent, showed evidence of prior exposure to a novel coronavirus, and seven were children, Science reports. For a previously undetected virus, “that’s a pretty high prevalence,” Gray tells NPR. “That’s remarkable.”
Gray sent samples of the virus to Anastasia Vlasova, an expert in animal coronaviruses at the Ohio State University, and she found that the virus was actually a chimera—portions of its genome matched a feline coronavirus, while another part was similar to a porcine coronavirus. But the majority of its genome was most similar to two coronaviruses previously isolated from dogs, and she was able to grow the virus in canine cell cultures. “Canine coronaviruses were not thought to be transmitted to people,” Vlasova tells NPR. “It’s never been reported before.”
It’s not clear if the virus, dubbed CCoV-HuPn-2018, caused the patients’ pneumonia, and it’s not yet known if the virus is capable of jumping from person to person or how an adult immune system might react if it did. “We don’t really have evidence right now that this virus can cause severe illness in adults,” Vlasova says in a press release.
She did find that the virus had a key mutation—a deletion—that isn’t found in other canine coronaviruses but is found in those that infect humans. While it warrants further study to determine if this mutation is necessary for initiating a cross-species jump, Vlasova adds that she “cannot rule out the possibility that at some point this new coronavirus will become a prevalent human pathogen. Once a coronavirus is able to infect a human, all bets are off.”
Speaking to NPR, Xumin Zhang, a virologist at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, says, “As the authors are careful to say in their paper, they have not proven what’s called Koch’s postulates,” meaning they would need to infect a human with the virus in order to show that it causes pneumonia. Such an experiment would be unethical, he adds, but they could instead test more samples to see how common the virus is in pneumonia patients and then use animal models to test their hypotheses.
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write a news clip on ccoronavirus?
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Cou ntries outside the US and Europe that are already used to long wait times for labora tory supplies are facing greater research disru ptions than ever during the pandemic.
Two viru ses from do gs and pigs were isolated from human pati ents, but neither was proven to cause sever e dise ase or to t ran smit to other people.