Question

Write a note in about 50 words on fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, soare formation.

Answer 1

3) Budding: This is a form of asexual reproduction which involves development of small mass of cells as protuberances on the parental body to give rise to new structures called as buds.

These buds separate out from the parental body and develop into new individuals.Two types of budding are external budding and internal budding. Yeast reproduces by beans of buds. Buds grow in chains or detach from the parent and fall on the substratum. When buds are on the substratum, they grow as new individuals.  

4) Fragmentation: It involves breaking of parent organism into two or many fragments. Each fragment develops into an individual organism. Fragmentation is seen in sea stars which accidentally break their body into fragments. Fragmentation is also observed in annelids, turbellarians and some of poriferans.  Spirogyra reproduces through fragmentation during which each fragment grows into a new individual.  

5) Regeneration:  If the organism is cut up, its pieces can grow into separate individuals.  It occurs in some fully differentiated organisms. Regeneration is also called morphallaxis. e.g.  Hydra, Planaria. Regeneration is referred to tissue repair to normal state. It is restoration of normal structure and function of the organ. It is actually replacement of damaged tissue with same type of cells. Some organisms like lizards have the power of regenerating their tail. 

6) Spore formation:  Spore formation is one form of asexual reproduction. Spore formation is the method of developing new individuals by forming reproductive structures called spores.

A spore is a small spherical or oval structure which protects the future individual in a thick protective covering.Spore germinates on a substratum under favourable conditions.Some organisms like ferns, some groups of fungi reproduce by spore formation. Fungus reproduces by means of spores. Fungus like bread mould produce spores which germinate on moist organic surfaces. The cottony white mass on bread formed by fungus after spore germination is called a mould. Spores can survive in extreme conditions because of the protective hard coat.