Write a note on the movement of pastrols in the mountains.
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Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one place to another for their living
1. Pastoral nomads and their movements
1.1 Mountains
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir herd goat and sheep till date.Migrated into J&K in search of pasture and eventually expanded there. They alternate between their winter ground (low hills of Shivalik) and go to their summer grazing grounds (Valley of Kashmir)by the end of April. They make the latter journey as a group of several households called khalifa.
Similiarly the Gaddi shepherd in Himanchal Pradesh also graze their herd in Shivalik in winters while they go to Lahul and Spiti in summer where they reap their summer harvest and sow winter crops.
In Garhwal and Kumaon, the Gujjar cattle herders come down to the dry forests of babbar in winters, and go higher meadow "bugyals" in summer. Most of them originally from J&K reached hills in UP in search of pasture.
The cyclic movement of winter and summer pastures was typical of most himalayan communities.
Allowed them to adjust to seasonal change
continuous movement allowed pastures to recover
1.2 Plateaus Plains and Deserts
Dhangars was a large community in Maharashtra. Most of them herded sheep though some wove blankets, raised buffaloes etc.
Mainly stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra in moonsoon (semi-arid region) . In moonsoon it became a vast grazing ground for their herd.
By October, harvest their bajra and move west
Reach Konkan after a month (high rainfall , rich soil)
Konkani peasants welcomed the Dhangars as after the kharif harvest, the field was to be
fertilized and prepared for rabi crops. Dhangar flocks manured and ate the stubble.
Peasants also gave them rice which was rare in their plateau.
Returned to their plateau with onset of monsoon as sheep cannot tolerate the wet conditions
In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Gollas herded cattle
Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goat and sold woven blankets.
In plateaus the cyclic movements were defined by the monsoon and the dry season.
In dry season they moved to coastal tracts and return when the rains came as most of the animals except buffaloes couldn't tolerate the wet swampy conditions.
Banjaras were found in Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradhesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
moved great distances for good pastureland
sold plough cattle etc in exchange of grain and fodder
Raikas lived in the desrts of Rajasthan
During monsoon, Raikas stayed in their home villages where pasture was available
After exhausting the land by October, moved out in search of pasture and water. They returned next monsoon
Maru i.e desert Raikas herded camels while another reared sheep and goat
1. Pastoral nomads and their movements
1.1 Mountains
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir herd goat and sheep till date.Migrated into J&K in search of pasture and eventually expanded there. They alternate between their winter ground (low hills of Shivalik) and go to their summer grazing grounds (Valley of Kashmir)by the end of April. They make the latter journey as a group of several households called khalifa.
Similiarly the Gaddi shepherd in Himanchal Pradesh also graze their herd in Shivalik in winters while they go to Lahul and Spiti in summer where they reap their summer harvest and sow winter crops.
In Garhwal and Kumaon, the Gujjar cattle herders come down to the dry forests of babbar in winters, and go higher meadow "bugyals" in summer. Most of them originally from J&K reached hills in UP in search of pasture.
The cyclic movement of winter and summer pastures was typical of most himalayan communities.
Allowed them to adjust to seasonal change
continuous movement allowed pastures to recover
1.2 Plateaus Plains and Deserts
Dhangars was a large community in Maharashtra. Most of them herded sheep though some wove blankets, raised buffaloes etc.
Mainly stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra in moonsoon (semi-arid region) . In moonsoon it became a vast grazing ground for their herd.
By October, harvest their bajra and move west
Reach Konkan after a month (high rainfall , rich soil)
Konkani peasants welcomed the Dhangars as after the kharif harvest, the field was to be
fertilized and prepared for rabi crops. Dhangar flocks manured and ate the stubble.
Peasants also gave them rice which was rare in their plateau.
Returned to their plateau with onset of monsoon as sheep cannot tolerate the wet conditions
In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Gollas herded cattle
Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goat and sold woven blankets.
In plateaus the cyclic movements were defined by the monsoon and the dry season.
In dry season they moved to coastal tracts and return when the rains came as most of the animals except buffaloes couldn't tolerate the wet swampy conditions.
Banjaras were found in Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradhesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
moved great distances for good pastureland
sold plough cattle etc in exchange of grain and fodder
Raikas lived in the desrts of Rajasthan
During monsoon, Raikas stayed in their home villages where pasture was available
After exhausting the land by October, moved out in search of pasture and water. They returned next monsoon
Maru i.e desert Raikas herded camels while another reared sheep and goat
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