write a note on the style of architecture during the British period with reference to Mumbai and Chennai?
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Answers
Explanation:
The British influence on buildings in the city is evident from the colonial era. However, the architectural features include a range of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches and Tudor casements often inter-fused with traditional Indian features.
Under colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the patron. Numerous outsiders invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main powers that colonized India.
4. The British arrived in 1615 by overthrowing the Mughal empire. Britain reigned India for over three hundred years and their legacy still remains through building and infrastructure that populate their former colonies. The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Agra, Bankipore, Nagpur, Bhopal and Hyderabad.
5. Architecture during British India Includes Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo- Mughal); and colonial era Neoclassical architecture in India.
6. As traders- mundane and functional nature of early architecture without much response to the Indian context. Shift in attitude as the crown takes over in 1858, expressions of identity, power and superiority, building for permanence- social and philosophical disparities between the ruler and the masses- imposition of life style and behavior of self on the others.
7. Introduction of new institutions (railway stations, law courts, colleges, hospitals, post offices, etc.) Emergence of a new urbanity, modernizing forces, industrial and structural functionalism, urban inserts and a new sense of urban design, overlaying of the new on the old, attitude to planning, Extension of cities and development of suburbs, hill stations, cantonments New urbanity in princely states The cities of colonial origin: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras- expression of culmination New Delhi, the imperial city- impact of modernist urban design ideology
8. Initial role of military engineers, followed by the setting up of Public Works Department (1862) Introduction of new building practices affecting rural as well as urban scales Superimposition, modification and replacement of existing building practices, introduction of new materials and building techniques with their impact on architectural form.
9. Politico-cultural meaning through built environment Purposeful stylistic changes in architecture-from neoclassical to Indo-Sarcenic and Art Deco to modern Influence of arts and crafts movement Important architects and their contributions The emergence of architectural profession, debates on arch.
10. Development of the bungalow typology, the most remarkable departure with its visible impact to date and the resultant suburban expression Evolvement of the type from a simple dwelling to an elaborate mansion Reflection of sociocultural patterns, regional expression all over the country.
11. In addition to major urban design schemes, it was the civil lines and the cantonments which remain today a major evidence of 19th century British presence, and which in turn have influenced much middle-class housing development in modern India. This stems from their perception as the colonies of the elite. The cantonments and civil lines both were generally laid out as gridiron planned communities They had central thoroughfares (the famous ‘Mall Roads’), with tree-lined streets, regularly divided building plots and bungalows as the main housing type. Churches and cemeteries, clubs, race and golf courses, and other trappings of an easy civil life followed.
Answer:
Mumbai architecture shows clear evidences of the Victorian eclecticism and all the related effrontery