Write a paragraph describing the water supply situation in your area
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The sources of water in Bangladesh are surface water, groundwater and rainwater. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system discharges huge amount of surface water through Bangladesh, a part enters into ground to form groundwater. About 93% of the stream flow passing through the country originates from outside the Bangladesh (Khan, 1993). Rainfall within country contributes to the total water available in Bangladesh, a part of which infiltrates into ground to recharge existing groundwater and the remaining rainwater flows as surface run-off. These sources of water available for the development of water supplies have their relative advantages and disadvantages in Bangladesh context. The availability of water in terms of quantity and quality, present situation and problems associated with the sources have been discussed in the following sub-sections.
2.1.2 Surface Waters
Availability
Surface water is abundant in the wet season in Bangladesh. An estimated 795,000 million cubic meter (Mm3) of surface water is discharged through the Ganges-Brahmaputra system, in the downstream of the confluence of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. This is equivalent to 5.52 m deep water over a land area of 144,000 km2. There are other rivers discharging surface water into the Bay of Bengal. An average annual rainfall of 2.40 m within the country partly replenishes surface water sources. Each year about one-third of Bangladesh is submerged in a normal flood, and the area submerged may increase to about two-thirds during severe floods. In the dry season water scarcity persists in many areas. In this period surface water is only available in part of the 22,155 km of major rivers, 1,922 km2 major standing water bodies and about 1,475 km2 of ponds in the country. Surface water irrigation systems in the country compete for this available water in the dry season. The perennial water bodies are decreasing with the use of more and more surface water.
Traditionally, before and during the early stages of tubewells installation, rural water supply was largely based on protected ponds. There are about 1,288,222 ponds in Bangladesh having an area of 0.114 ha per pond and 21.5 pond per mauza (BBS, 1997). About 17% of these ponds are derelict and probably dry up in the dry season. The biological quality of water in these ponds is extremely poor due to unhygienic sanitary practices and absence of any sanitary protection. Many of these ponds are chemically and bio-chemically contaminated for fish culture. If one pond per mauza could be protected from contamination, it would provide a source of drinking water with minimal treatment and water for other domestic uses without treatment. The Government of Bangladesh has greatly emphasized the development of protected pond-based water supply systems. The protected ponds should not receive any surface discharge and should only be replenished by rain and groundwater infiltration.
Problems
Surface waters receive pollutants from agricultural, industrial, domestic and municipal sources. Concentration of silt content in turbulent water in the monsoon is high. Similarly algal growth in stagnant water bodies in the dry season is also very high. Insanitary practices of people have greatly contributed to the deterioration of quality of surface water sources. The faecal coliform concentration in most surface water sources lies in the range of 500 to several thousand per 100ml. The rivers and surface water sources around densely populated urban areas depending on water quality parameters are four to ten times more polluted than the similar water sources in the countryside. The deterioration of water quality is directly related to population density and industrial activities due to poor management of domestic and industrial wastewater. The use of surface water for drinking purpose requires clarification and disinfection by elaborate treatment processes. The availability of surface water in the dry season is also a constraint for the development of dependable small and large scale surface water treatment plants for water supply.
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The sources of water in Bangladesh are surface water, groundwater and rainwater. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system discharges huge amount of surface water through Bangladesh, a part enters into ground to form groundwater. About 93% of the stream flow passing through the country originates from outside the Bangladesh (Khan, 1993). Rainfall within country contributes to the total water available in Bangladesh, a part of which infiltrates into ground to recharge existing groundwater and the remaining rainwater flows as surface run-off. These sources of water available for the development of water supplies have their relative advantages and disadvantages in Bangladesh context. The availability of water in terms of quantity and quality, present situation and problems associated with the sources have been discussed in the following sub-sections.
2.1.2 Surface Waters
Availability
Surface water is abundant in the wet season in Bangladesh. An estimated 795,000 million cubic meter (Mm3) of surface water is discharged through the Ganges-Brahmaputra system, in the downstream of the confluence of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. This is equivalent to 5.52 m deep water over a land area of 144,000 km2. There are other rivers discharging surface water into the Bay of Bengal. An average annual rainfall of 2.40 m within the country partly replenishes surface water sources. Each year about one-third of Bangladesh is submerged in a normal flood, and the area submerged may increase to about two-thirds during severe floods. In the dry season water scarcity persists in many areas. In this period surface water is only available in part of the 22,155 km of major rivers, 1,922 km2 major standing water bodies and about 1,475 km2 of ponds in the country. Surface water irrigation systems in the country compete for this available water in the dry season. The perennial water bodies are decreasing with the use of more and more surface water.
Traditionally, before and during the early stages of tubewells installation, rural water supply was largely based on protected ponds. There are about 1,288,222 ponds in Bangladesh having an area of 0.114 ha per pond and 21.5 pond per mauza (BBS, 1997). About 17% of these ponds are derelict and probably dry up in the dry season. The biological quality of water in these ponds is extremely poor due to unhygienic sanitary practices and absence of any sanitary protection. Many of these ponds are chemically and bio-chemically contaminated for fish culture. If one pond per mauza could be protected from contamination, it would provide a source of drinking water with minimal treatment and water for other domestic uses without treatment. The Government of Bangladesh has greatly emphasized the development of protected pond-based water supply systems. The protected ponds should not receive any surface discharge and should only be replenished by rain and groundwater infiltration.
Problems
Surface waters receive pollutants from agricultural, industrial, domestic and municipal sources. Concentration of silt content in turbulent water in the monsoon is high. Similarly algal growth in stagnant water bodies in the dry season is also very high. Insanitary practices of people have greatly contributed to the deterioration of quality of surface water sources. The faecal coliform concentration in most surface water sources lies in the range of 500 to several thousand per 100ml. The rivers and surface water sources around densely populated urban areas depending on water quality parameters are four to ten times more polluted than the similar water sources in the countryside. The deterioration of water quality is directly related to population density and industrial activities due to poor management of domestic and industrial wastewater. The use of surface water for drinking purpose requires clarification and disinfection by elaborate treatment processes. The availability of surface water in the dry season is also a constraint for the development of dependable small and large scale surface water treatment plants for water supply.
hope this will be helpful to u .....
if yes then please make me the brainliest
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