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The present-day industrial establishment is a great distance removed from that of the last century or even of
twenty-five years ago. This improvement has been the result of a variety of forces – government standards
and factory inspection: general technological and architectural advance by substituting machine power for
heavy or repetitive manual, labour, the need to compete for a labour force and union intervention to improve
working conditions in addition to wages and hours. However, except where the improvement contributed to
increased productivity, the effort to make work more pleasant has had to support a large burden of proof. It
was permissible to seek the elimination of hazardous, unsanitary, unhealthful, or otherwise objectionable
conditions of work. The speedup might be resisted to a point. But the test was not what was agreeable but
what was unhealthful or, at a minimum, excessively fatiguing. The trend toward increased leisure is not
reprehensible, but we resist vigorously the notion that a man should work less hard on the job. Here older
attitudes are involved. We are gravely suspicious of any tendency to expand less than the maximum effort,
for this has long been a prime economic virtue. In strict logic there is as much to be said for making work
pleasant agreeable as for shortening hours. On the whole, it is probably as important for a wage-earner to
have pleasant working conditions as a pleasant home. To a degree, he can escape the law
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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Britain, continental Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.[1] This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth.
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