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Sharks and their relatives (the Elasmobranchs) have special sensory organs, called the Ampullae of Lorenzini to detect electric fields. Marine organisms generate an electric field around their body and sharks can detect these weak electric fields and use them to orient to other marine animals that they might want to eat or avoid. Many experiments have been done on electromagnetic orientation in sharks and their relatives by putting them in pools that are surrounded by electric coils to create artificial electromagnetic fields. In experiments conducted in pools with artificial electromagnetic fields, it has been shown that elasmobranchs will orient to an electromagnetic field (they may swim towards one pole or the other), and will reverse orientation when the poles are reversed by reversing the flow of electricity in the coils. Because of their electrosensory nature, the Ampullae of Lorenzini are thought to be able to detect differences in water temperature, and they should also react to changes in salt content (salinity) of the water. Sharks might be able to navigate during migrations by detecting changes in the earth’s magnetic field as they move toward one pole or the other, and they can probably detect changes in salinity and temperature. Drastic changes in temperature and salinity are often found along “fronts” where, for example, the warm Gulf Stream meets cool shelf water, or cool upwelled water. Floating debris and plankton are also concentrated along these fronts, and larger fish come there to feed on the small organisms found at these fronts. Because sharks can detect changes in electrical properties of seawater that occur at fronts, they should be able to detect fronts and move toward them to find concentrations of fish that they like to eat.
Unfortunately, the tags we are using do not measure electromagnetic fields, so we will not be able to look at changes in electromagnetic fields as the fish move. This is an area for future research.
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