Question

Write a short note note primitive, medieval and modern history.​

Answer 1

Answer:

Medieval technology is the technology used in medieval Europe under Christian rule. After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth.[2] The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).

Pumhart von Steyr, a 15th-century very large-calibre cannon

Medieval port crane for mounting masts and lifting heavy cargo in the former Hanse town of Gdańsk[1]

The development of water mills from their ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone.[3] Water-power was also widely used in mining for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering bellows.

European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. Often, the revolutionary aspect lay not in the act of invention itself, but in its technological refinement and application to political and economic power. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era.

Answer 2

Answer:- The classification of history is based on assessing which period in time were the reliable records available.

*History is a compulsory part of the UPSC Prelims (GS 1) and Mains stage (GS 1) and is also optional in the UPSC Mains Exam (2 papers)

Thus, time periods in history are divided into the following three to summarize significant eras in the history of the world:

Ancient History
Medieval History
Modern History
Ancient history is the time period where the earliest known human settlements have been found around 6000 BC. It ends with the fall of major empires such as the Roman Empire, the Han Empire of China and the Gupta Empire around 650 AD.

Medieval History, also known as post-classical history, is said to have begun around 500 AD, following the major cultural and religious upheaval that was common around this time.

The Modern Period covers the age of extra-continental expansions (like the exploration and colonization of Asia and North America by the Europeans) to the present day.

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