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Components of environment and how do they interact with each other
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The environment is defined as the whole physical and biological system surrounding man and other organisms along with various factors influencing them. The factors are soil, air, water, light, temperature etc. These are called Abiotic factors. Besides the abiotic factors, the environment is very much influenced by biotic factors which include all forms of life like plants, animals, microorganisms etc.
Man is thus an inseparable part of the environment. Man and Environment have very close relationship with each other. The social life of man is affected by environment. This is the reason for various types of social and cultural activities around the world. The hilly people have different life styles than people in the plain area. Similarly people around the world differ in their food, cloth, festivals etc. All these are influenced by the factors around him.
no Earth’s atmosphere interface and space interface.
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The gases like Nitrogen. Oxygen, Argon, Carbon dioxide and water vapour etc. together make up the total volume of atmosphere. Together with suspended particulates, viz. dust and soot constitute the gaseous turbidity particularly in troposphere. However, the composition of atmosphere and so also the structure is variable in time and space.
The vertical structure of atmosphere is very much related to radiant energy absorption and this can be described in terms of variable of temperature [Fig. 1(A) 2]. Below 60 km. there are two main zones of absorption at the Earth’s surface and in the Ozone layer. The absorbed energy is redistributed by radiation, conduction and convection.
thick contains only 1 % of total atmospheric mass and experiences ionization by high-energy, short wavelength solar radiation. The temperature profiles of atmospheric layer are given in Fig. 1(A).2.
Hydrosphere:
It includes the surface water and its surrounding interface. It is vital for life molecule to survive. Water possesses a number of physical and chemical properties that help the molecule to act as best suited medium for life activities. The movement of water from earth surface to atmosphere through hydrological cycle appears to be a close system.
Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth’s surface. The oceans cover approximately 71% water of the planet, glaciers and ice caps cover additional areas. Water is also found in lakes and streams, in soils and underground reservoirs, in the atmosphere, and in the bodies of all living organism. Thus, water in all its forms- ice, liquid, water and water vapour- is very familiar to us.
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We use water at home, in industry, in agriculture, and for recreation. These applications differ widely in the quantity and quality of the water that they require. In one way or another we use all available sources- inland waters, ground water, and even oceanic water.
The demand for global water resources increasing day-by-day though availability pure fresh water has been decreasing severely. Thus there is need to make precious use of pure fresh water and their fruitful storage and conservation. A simplified outline of hydrological cycle is given in Fig. 1(A).3.
A Simplifiel outline of hydrological cycle
Lithosphere:
It is the outer boundary layer of solid earth and the discontinuity within the mantle. The outer boundary forms a complex interface with the atmosphere and hydrosphere and is also the environment in which life has evolved. The inner boundary is adjacent to rock, which is near its melting point and is capable of motion relative to the lithosphere above.
Basically lithosphere is nothing but a crustal system composed of various layers: Core, mantle and outer crust. Various elements constitute such crustal layer in mixture of different proportions. In general, the earth curst is composed of three major classes of rocks (as classified on the basis of their mode of origin):
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Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphosed rocks. There are two types of crusts – continental crust which is composed of granitic rocks in silicon aluminium and with a mean density of 2.8; the other oceanic crust which is basaltic in composition consisting of more basic minerals and has a mean density of 3.0. Overall, the average density of the earth is 5.5 gm/c.c.
Interaction between the crustal system of the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere takes place where continental crust is exposed above sea-level. At the land/air interface crustal material becomes exposed to inputs of solar radiant energy, precipitation and atmospheric gases. These inputs are often modified by or operate through the effects of the living systems of the biosphere. Under the influence of these inputs, crustal rocks are broken down by weathering process and are transferred to fine porus crustal layers called soil.
An outline of earth layers and composition of crustal materials is given in Fig. 1(A).4.
An outline of earth layers and composition of materials
Biosphere: