write a Short note on rinderpest
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Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals (mainly cattle and buffalo). The classical form of rinderpest is one of the most lethal diseases of cattle, and can have a catastrophic effect in naïve herds.
In the past, it had terrible consequences on food security and livelihoods, particularly in developing countries, where rinderpest was responsible for famines and devastating economic losses.
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Explanation:
rinderpest, also called steppe murrain, cattle plague, or contagious bovine typhus, an acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminant animals, primarily cattle, that was once common in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. Rinderpest was a devastating affliction of livestock and wildlife, and for centuries it was a major threat to food production for societies that depended heavily on livestock. However, the launch in 1994 of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program me (GREP) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations led to the implementation of effective rinderpest-control programs in affected areas of the world. The targeted date for eradication was 2011. In 2010 a preliminary report by GREP suggested that the disease had been successfully eradicated. Follow-up surveillance over the course of the next year confirmed the report’s findings. In 2011 officials with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) declared eradication of the disease complete, making rinderpest the second viral disease eradicated from the world (smallpox was the first to be eradicated). The last reported rinderpest outbreak occurred in Kenya in 2001.
Rinderpest was the most severe infectious disease of cattle and was characterized by its sudden development and high mortality. Besides cattle, it also seriously affected water buffalo, giraffes, some types of antelopes and wild pigs, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.
Rinderpest was caused by a paramyxovirus (genus Morbillivirus) closely related to those that cause measles in humans and viral distemper in dogs. The virus was transmitted by close direct or indirect contact. After an incubation period of three to nine days, fever and loss of appetite occurred in an infected animal. These symptoms were followed within a few more days by discharges from the eyes and nose, salivation, mouth ulcers, and a disagreeable, fetid odor. As the virus invaded the internal organs, the animal exhibited labored breathing, dehydration, diarrhea, often with abdominal pain, and eventually marked straining to evacuate. In many cases a skin eruption (streptothricosis) developed on the back and flanks. Prostration, coma, and death occurred about 6 to 12 days after the first symptoms appeared. The actual cause of death was dehydration.