Write a short story on gliding joint
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report gliding joint on real life situation
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Answer:
Joints are points of contact between bones, or between bones and cartilages.
Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a fluid-filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones. These joints help in locomotion and many other movements.
Gliding joint is a type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. Gliding joints allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint - up and down, left and right, and diagonally.
An example of the gliding joint is zygapophyses of adjacent vertebrae.
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Explanation:
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Answer:
We have discovered features of the nuchal joint in the squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, that are unique compared with moveable joints in other animals. The joint's function is unclear but it allows the head to glide toward and away from the mantle. The head glides along the joint with ease yet disarticulating the joint perpendicular to the axis of movement requires considerable force. After disarticulation, the joint components can be repositioned and full function restored immediately. Thus, an unknown attachment mechanism prevents the joint from being disarticulated yet permits gliding. We show that the joint was formed by the articulation of the nuchal cartilage and a heretofore-undescribed organ that we named the nuchal ‘joint pad’. The joint pad is composed predominantly of muscle, connective tissue and cartilage organized into two distinct regions: a ventral cartilaginous layer and a dorsal muscular layer. Disarticulating the nuchal joint at a displacement rate of 5 mm s−1 required 1.5 times greater stress (i.e. force per unit area) than at 1 mm s−1. The force required to disarticulate the joint increased with nuchal cartilage area0.91 and with nuchal cartilage length1.88. The stress required to shear the nuchal joint was nearly three orders of magnitude lower than that required to disarticulate the joint. Stimulation of the joint pad dorso-ventral musculature resulted in significantly greater shear force required to move the joint (P=0.004). Perforating the nuchal cartilage decreased the stress required to disarticulate the joint to nearly zero. The results support the hypothesis that suction is the attachment mechanism.
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INTRODUCTION
In contrast to the moveable joints of vertebrates (Standring, 2008), arthropods (Alexander, 1980) and echinoderms (Motokawa, 1983, 1986; Wilkie, 2016), joints and articulations in soft-bodied invertebrates are relatively uncommon. The most familiar examples may be the hinged shells of bivalves and brachiopods, though moveable joints of different types, including ‘muscle articulations’ (Uyeno and Kier, 2005, 2007, 2010), are also found in members of numerous soft-bodied invertebrate phyla. Joints and articulations in soft-bodied invertebrates may actually be common given the prevalence of chondroid connective tissue and cartilage (or cartilage-like tissue) among diverse invertebrate groups (e.g. arthropods, brachiopods, cephalochordates, cnidarians, molluscs, polychaetes and urochordates; Person and Philpott, 1969; Wright et al., 2001; Cole and Hall, 2004, 2009), and investigations of such structures can offer new insights into the evolution of musculoskeletal systems and may stimulate interest among those who develop bio-inspired devices.
We have discovered features of the ‘nuchal joint’, a gliding joint in cephalopod mollusks, that are unique compared with moveable joints in other animals. The nuchal joint is present in most decapodiform cephalopods (e.g. squids, cuttlefishes, spirulids). The joint allows the head and funnel complex to glide over a large range of motion (i.e. strains of ±50% resting length in squid; Thompson et al., 2016) toward and away from the mantle during jetting, under the control of the head retractor and nuchal retractor muscles (Williams, 1909). The function of head movements during jetting and ventilation of the mantle cavity is unknown but may affect jet cycle propulsive efficiency, especially refilling of the mantle cavity.
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