write about classification of soil 1 alluvial soil 2 black soil 3 red soil 4 arid soil 4 laterite soil 6 forest soil
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Answer:
The Alluvial soils on the basis of their can be classified into types :
1. Bhangar Soil (Old alluvial soil) : The Bhangar soil which is old, is coarse in texture. It is found in higher reaches and almost above 30 m-above the flood level. So this kind of soil is less fertile.
2. Khadar soil (New Alluvial soil) : This soil is finer in texture. It is found in low areas of the valley which are flooded regularly. So this type is very fertile.
Black soil is classified on the basis of the thickness of layers into three sub groups:
1. Shallow Black Soil:
Shallow Black Soil this type of soil found with thickness less than 30 cm. It exists in Satpura hills (Madhya Pradesh), Bhandara, Nagpur and Satara (Maharashtra), Bijapur and Gulbarga districts (Karnataka ). This type of soil is suitable for the cultivation of jowar, rice, wheat, gram and cotton.
2. Medium Black Soil:
soil thickness ranges between 30 cm and 100 cm. It covers a larger area in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
3. Deep Black Soil:
Thickness is more than 1 meter. It covers large areas in lowland zones of the Peninsular India. The clay content ranges between 40 to 60 per cent. Its reaction is alkaline. The soil is fertile and suitable for crops of cotton, sugarcane, rice, citrus fruits, vegetables etc.
Red soil:
Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forest, having thin organic and organic-mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on an illuvium red layer. Red soils are generally derived from crystalline rock. They are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to be cultivated because of its low water holding capacity.
Arid soil:
Arid soils have surface horizons with several unique characteristics. Many arid soils, for example, are covered by desert pavement that overlies vesicular A and E horizons. Other arid soils are covered by salt efflorescence in areas where shallow groundwater has risen by capillarity and evaporated at the surface. Still other arid soils are covered by microbiotic crusts or by blankets of aeolian sand or silt. Nearly all arid soils have lower amounts of organic matter than their more humid counterparts. For classification purposes, the surface horizon (i.e., epipedon) that is ubiquitous for arid soils is the ochric epipedon. Other epipedons of arid soils with much smaller occurrences are the mollic, anthropic, and in very rare cases of grass sod over shallow basalt, the histic.
Laterite soil:
Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Forest soil:
Forest soils, where soil formation has been influenced by forest vegetation, are generally characterized by deeply rooted trees, significant ‘litter layers’ or O horizons, recycling of organic matter and nutrients, including wood, and wide varieties of soil-dwelling organisms (Figure 1). There are also soils now covered with forest vegetation, often plantations, on lands that were not naturally forested.
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