Question

write about the invention of timur
in 1398 ​

Answer 1

Answer:

In 1398, Timur invaded India with an aim of destroying the hindu kings and rulers. Also, he felt that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were showing great tolerance to their Hindu subordinates. He started his journey from Samarkand. After crossing the Sindh river, he entered Punjab. This was on 24 September 1398. Many villages and towns were destroyed. Mass murders took place. Timur and his army marched forward unchecked. Prior to this invasion, Timur's grandson Pir Muhammad had already started his expedition to India. He had captured Uch and Multan. Pir Muhammad then joined Timur. The governor of the fort of Bhatnir was defeated, and Timur destroyed the fort and the city. He marched further with his troops and entered Delhi by crossing the Indus River. Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty could not do anything to resist Timur and was easily defeated. Another battle took place between the Indian army of Mahmud Tughluq and Timur in December 1398; the army of Mahmud Tughluq was completely routed at Panipat. This conquest of Delhi by Timur, led to the complete destruction of the city, people were killed and Delhi was reduced to ruins. His atrocities were justified by himself in the name of holy war that took place for the glory of Islam

Answer 2

Answer:

Timur[4] (Chagatai: تيمور Temür "Iron"; 9 April 1336 – 17–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī (Chagatai: Temür Küregen),[5] sometimes spelled Taimur and historically best known as Amir Timur or Tamerlane[6] (Persian: تيمور لنگ‎ Temūr(-i) Lang, Chagatai: اقساق تیمور Aqsaq Temür,[7] "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.[8][9] Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.[8]:341–2 He is often credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a larger 10×11 board.[10] According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic.[11]

Timur

Amir

Beg

Gurkani (Son-in-law)

Sahib Qiran[1] (Lord of Conjunction)

Timur reconstruction03.jpg

Timur facial reconstruction from skull, by Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov

1st Amir of the Timurid Empire

Reign

9 April 1370 – 14 February 1405

Coronation

9 April 1370, Balkh[2]

Predecessor

None

Amir Hussain (as ruler of Transoxiana)

Successor

Khalil Sultan

Born

9 April 1336[2]

Kesh, Chagatai Khanate (now Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan)

Died

18 February 1405 (aged 68)

Farab, Timurid Empire (now Otrar, Kazakhstan)

Burial

Gur-e-Amir, Samarkand

Consort

Saray Mulk Khanum

Wives

Chulpan Mulk Agha

Aljaz Turkhan Agha

Tukal Khanum

Dil Shad Agha

Touman Agha

Other wives

Issue

Detail

Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Jahangir Mirza

Miran Shah

Shah Rukh Mirza

Full name

Shuja-ud-din Timur[3] bin Taraghai Barlas

House

Barlas Timurid

Father

Amir Taraghai

Mother

Tekina Khatun

Religion

Sunni Islam

Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus and southern Russia, and emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the declining Delhi Sultanate of India.[12] From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.

Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.[13][14]:1 Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.[15]

Though not a Borjigid or a descendant of Genghis Khan,[16] Timur clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.[17] According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, "in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers."[18] To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.[8]:91 By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.

Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe,[8] sizable parts of which his campaigns laid to waste.[19] Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.[20][21] Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.[22]

Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.[23][24]

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