write about the land reform of jammu and kasmir
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Land Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir
The main objectives of Land Reforms are:
1. Abolition of Big Land Concentration / Zamindari System.
2. Abolition of Absolute Land Concentration.
3. Transfer of Land to actual tillers.
4. Distribution of Surplus land/Bhoodhan to Landless Labourers.
5. Consolidation of Holding.
On the guidelines from Government of India, followed Acts have been passed in the State to effectively implement the land reforms in the State.
• Big landed Estates Abolition Act, 1950.
• Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1962.
• Agrarian Reforms Act, 1976.
State Land (Vesting of ownership) to the Occupants Act, 2001.
Settlement Operations
In the year 1887 the then Ruler of J&K State appointed Mr. Vingate to conduct first settlement in a few villages. It was in the year 1889 that Sir Walter Lawrence was appointed to carry settlement operations with full powers. He faced non-cooperation in the initial stage, which was at the behest of revenue officials involved in collection of land revenue. The lack of confidence from cultivators over the revenue officials was an added factor in this non-cooperation. He in the first instance worked hard and motivated people making them understand the rationalization of land revenue on basis of fertility, irrigation facilities and measurement of land etc. and the wastelands were also allowed to be used by cultivators. The grievances in the form of litigation were referred to the Settlement Officer for his speedy disposal.
The settlement department was declared a permanent establishment; people’s confidence was built and they were involved in settlement operations. Very simple food (shali or paddy) was taken as land revenue and maximum portion of shali crop was allowed to be retained by them. The result was that it helped the absentee cultivators, who had previously run away because of fear psychosis of work or payment of land revenue, to return. The cultivators who were previously reluctant to cultivate the waste land started filling fresh application for allotment The occupancy cultivators were given protection under law. The motivational involvement followed sense of belonging given to a common cultivator led to successful measurement of land and subsequent construction of Land Records.
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