write an essay on increase in use of land for commercial use and deduction in area of agriculture land.
No Spam.
Answers
means to reduce the disparity is to take away the excess lands from large holdings and redistribute them among the landless and small landholders. Ceiling legislation is a tool to achieve this goal. The object of this paper is to study effects of Ceiling Laws. Almost every state in India enacted the Ceiling Laws but the desired goal could not be achieved due to some in-built flaws in legislations.
LAND REFORMS REMAIN AN UNFINISHED TASK
Land reform refers to an institutional measure directed towards altering the existing pattern of ownership, tenancy and management of land. India brought many fundamental changes specifically in land reforms. Evaluating the Indian land reforms, Dr K. Venkatasubramanian,[2] Former Member Planning Commission, in his article, quoted recent comment from G. S. Balla. He observes: “The Indian Government was committed to land reforms and consequently laws were passed by all the states governments during the fifties with the avowed aim of abolishing landlordism, distributing land through imposition of ceilings, protection of tenants and consolidation of land holdings. One of the significant achievements of these acts was the abolition of absentee landlordism in several parts of India. However, land reforms were half hearted with regard to the imposition of ceilings and security of tenure. Consequently, the skewness in land distribution was not reduced in any significant manner. Further, a very large number of tenants were actually evicted in the name of self-cultivation. In spite of it, land reforms brought about a significant change in land relations in so far as self-cultivation, rather than absentee landlordism, became a predominant mode of production” The Government of India is aware that agricultural development in India could be achieved only with the reform of India’s rural institutional structure. The extent of the utilization of agricultural resources would be determined by the institutional framework under which the various inputs were put to use. M Dandekar observed: “Among the actions intended to release the force which may initiate or accelerate the process of economic growth, agrarian reform usually receives high priority”.[3]
The land reform legislations were passed by all the State Governments during the fifties touching upon the following measures:
Abolition of Zamindari system or abolition of intermediaries
Maintenance of cultivating Rights
Tenancy reforms
Simplification of Land-tenure System
Consolidation of holdings and prevention of their further fragmentation
Ceilings on holdings and distribution of surplus land among the tillers.
Uniform rule of succession
Land reforms therefore became one of the vital aspects of the agricultural development policy and incorporated in the various Five-Year Plans. So after Independence, attempts had been made to alter the pattern of distribution of land holdings on the basis of four types of experiments,[4]namely;
Land reforms “from above” through legislation on the lines broadly indicated by the Central Government, enacted by the State legislators, and finally implemented by the agencies of the State Government.
Land reforms “from above” as in the case of Telangana and the Naxalite movement also to some extent in the case of the “Land Grab” movement.
Land reforms through legislative enactments “from above “combined with peasant mobilization “from below” as in the case of controlled land seizure in West Bengal and protection of poor peasants in Kerala.
Land reforms “from below” through permission of landlords and peaceful procession by peasants as in the case of Bhoodan and Gramdan.
The abolition of Zamindari system had favourable economic impact on the country. In 1950’s, laws had been passed in all the states to abolish intermediaries. All of them had two principles in common: 1) abolition of intermediaries between the states and the cultivators and 2) the payment of compensation to the owners. But there was no clear mention about just and equitable compensation. Therefore, the Zamindari Abolition Acts were challenged in the High Courts and the Supreme Court. As a result, we find a long list of cases decided on land rights by High Courts and the Supreme Court. Generally, these cases are about rights of Zamindars and particularly about the compensation. Courts have not got much opportunity to decide the rights of landless persons or small land holders. But the Government accomplished the task of abolishing intermediary tenures bringing nearly 20 million cultivators into direct contact with the state. Nearly 142.57 lakh acres were distributed to landless agriculturists after the successful completion of the Zamindari Abolition Act. By conferring the ownership of land to the tiller, the Government provided an incentive to improve cultivation. This paved the way for increase in efficiency and yield. This was an important step towards the establishment of socialism and the Government revenue increased.[5] In fact,
Answer:
u said that 20 thanks = 20 thanks
but I already gave your all answers thanks so when I gave thank in your any answer it says u already said thanks...